Long-term forestry and climate change effects on watershed processes and salmon populations at Carnation Creek, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Carnation Creek study is located in a 11.2 km 2 watershed on southwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in the territory of the Huu-ay-aht First Nations. It was initiated in 1970 as a case study of the effects of forestry practices on watershed biological and physical processes, stream channels, aquatic habitats, and fish populations. The project’s pre-harvest vs. post-harvest-impact observational design was intended to run for no more than 15 years, but continual and unanticipated changes in the responses of the biogeophysical aspects of the watershed to forest harvesting motivated the unprecedented long-term intensive study that continues. Now in year 55, the knowledge gained from this site is relevant not only for informing forestry legislation, regulations, and sustainable practices, but also (1) provides guidance on regenerating stand (second pass) forestry practices in coastal watersheds; (2) allows measurement of the contributions of climate variability to observed changes and the identification of mitigation options; (3) provides science-based guidance for watershed and stream channel restoration; and (4) serves as a logged but unrestored reference watershed for restoration effectiveness evaluations. Between 1976 and 1981, 41% of the watershed was harvested. A mixture of beneficial and harmful effects on juvenile coho salmon were initially observed. Between 1976 and 2004, a warmer thermal regime initially increased growth, freshwater survival, and boosted smolt production. Thermal benefits were partly counteracted by accelerated bank erosion, channel widening, loss of in-stream wood, formation of sediment wedges, and increased streambed scour and sediment transport downstream. Over the longer term, riparian-related impacts were greatly amplified and overwhelmed by the forestry-driven landslide effects that began in 1984. Landslide impacts occurring in the headwaters took more than 20 years to propagate downstream. In the absence of habitat restoration efforts, stream channel and fish habitat complexity and stability have become greatly reduced with accelerated bedload transport, deprived riparian wood input, and loss of large logjams. These delayed effects have reversed short-term, logging-related thermal benefits for coho salmon, with major declines in fry-to-smolt survival and smolt production. The results show that forestry-related impacts may take decades to fully develop and may continue to increase for decades after harvest.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».