Not Ready for Prime Time: Limitations of a Retrieval-Augmented Generation Large Language Model in Assessing Risk of Bias in Observational Studies
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: Current research has focused on the use of large language models (LLMs) to augment systematic reviews. LLMs are limited by their vulnerability to "hallucinations"; retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) reduces these by limiting the model's source knowledge to user-provided material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of a RAG-LLM in quality assessment of observational studies in pediatric orthopaedic literature as compared to manual review. Methods: Previously published systematic reviews of observational studies in pediatric orthopaedics containing reported Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores from our group were included. After uploading observational study source files, NotebookLM (Google, Mountain View, CA) evaluated each of the included studies using the NOS scoring sheet. Agreement among scores across all NotebookLM trials was determined using a two-way random, average measures, absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(2,k)]. Agreement among individual scores generated by each NotebookLM instance (LM1, LM2, LM3, and LM4) and ground truth (published manual review score) was calculated using a two-way random, single measures, absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(2,1)]. Results: Two systematic reviews comprising a total of 27 observational studies were included. ICC across all measurements (ICC(2,k)-Reviewer-LM1,2,3,4) was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.46-0.84), indicating moderate agreement. ICC comparing individual NotebookLM scores to ground truth demonstrated poor agreement [ICC(2,1) LM1-Reviewer = 0.27 (95% CI: -0.064 to 0.57), LM2-Reviewer = 0.18 (95% CI: -0.12 to 0.48), LM3-Reviewer = 0.081 (95% CI: -0.24 to 0.41), and LM4-Reviewer = 0.23 (95% CI: -0.14 to 0.55)]. Percent agreement ranged from 14.8% to 29.6%. Single measures ICCs comparing individual NotebookLM scores across multiple trials demonstrated moderate-to-poor agreement. Conclusions: NotebookLM demonstrated low reliability and accuracy in performing quality assessment of observational studies. Caution should be taken when implementing LLMs to augment research efforts in pediatric orthopaedics. Key Concepts: (1)NotebookLM (Google, Mountain View, CA) demonstrated low reliability and accuracy in performing quality assessment of observational studies.(2)Caution should be taken when implementing artificial intelligence tools such as large language models (LLMs) to augment research efforts, even retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)-LLM models that reduce hallucinations.(3)Until emerging artificial intelligence technologies are further validated it remains essential that researchers and clinicians continue to critically appraise new studies independently. Level of Evidence: IV.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».