Issues and Solutions to Implementing Lead Free Soldering
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Résumé
ABSTRACT Environmental issues have effected the methods used in electronics manufacturing. The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the Montreal Protocol eliminated the use of chlorinated flourocarbons (CFC solvents), which traditionally were used to clean electronics hardware. New cleaning technologies (aqueous and semiaqueous cleaning) and new soldering technologies (low residue / no clean soldering) were developed and implemented as a direct result of this legislation. Currently, new pending environmental legislation in Europe and Asia will require electronics manufacturers to eliminate lead from soldering. The impact of lead-free solders is much wider than the effects caused by CFC elimination. CFC elimination concentrated primarily on the cleaning processes. Lead is a major constituent in tin-lead solder alloys currently being used. These alloys are used everywhere in electronics manufacturing from individual components and boards through hand soldering, wave soldering, and reflow soldering. Alternative lead-free solder alloys are being developed, but their introduction into electronics manufacturing requires major changes to current manufacturing processes, electronic components, and inspection requirements. Lead-free solder alloys generally require higher temperatures, up to 260°C as opposed to 215°C, to perform the soldering operation, which may effect the reliability of boards and components. Soldering equipment may not be capable of maintaining such high temperatures. The temperature profiles employed in reflow soldering may be longer, which will adversely impact productivity. Material compatibility issues, when employing lead-free soldering technologies on heritage lead-based assemblies, are a serious concern. Certain alloys, when used on a component or board coated with lead-tin solder, will form intermetallics which will reduce the resulting solder joint's mechanical integrity. As a result of issues similar to these mention, one can conclude that there are no drop-in, “turnkey”, lead-free solder alternatives available. The objective of this paper is to identify the issues pertaining to implementing lead-free solders in electronics manufacturing. While several electronics manufacturers are generating plans to implement, or have implemented lead-free soldering technologies, the vast majority of electronics manufacturers have not. This paper will discuss the manufacturing process variables and component variables associated with the implementation of leadfree soldering processes.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
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Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle