Engaging Older Adults and Staff in the Co-Design and Evaluation of Socially Assistive Robot and Virtual Reality Activities for Long-Term Care: User-Centered Study
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
BACKGROUND: Apathy is common among older adults residing in long-term care (LTC) and impairs quality of life for both older adults and care providers. Few pharmacological remedies exist, and nonpharmacologic approaches that engage those with apathy require extensive personnel time. Thus, technological approaches have been encouraged, including virtual reality (VR) and socially assistive robots (SAR). Despite a growing interest in their use, input from older adults and staff is often absent in their design. Involving older adults in the development of interactive health technologies is necessary to enhance the functionality, usability, and likelihood of promoting the intended health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to design and evaluate SAR and nonimmersive VR (SAR-VR) activities for pairs of older adults that would encourage human-to-human interaction, an essential activity to mitigate apathy. METHODS: We implemented a multistep, user-centered design. A humanoid and dog SAR were used in combination with nonimmersive VR activities for pairs of older adults. An interdisciplinary team of engineers, nurses, and physicians collaborated with older adults and staff to create 4 activity prototypes, 3 with the humanoid robot and 1 with the dog robot. A total of 14 older adults at 2 sites participated in the design and evaluation of the different components of the system throughout all stages. Site 1 participants were instrumental in the development, and Site 2 participants validated the prototype activities. Data were collected at each session via observations, interviews, and a 6-item questionnaire that rated their degree of comfort and confidence in (1) using the wands, (2) interacting with the robot, and (3) interacting with the nonimmersive VR environment using a 5-point Likert response. Additionally, 5 staff from Site 2 were recruited to evaluate the ease of setting up and running the system at 2 different sessions. After each session, the system setup and interface were refined based on their feedback. RESULTS: A total of 4 of 6 older adults (mean age 85, SD 9.3 years; 2 male) at Site 1 completed field testing development, and 8 residents (mean age 80, SD 4.7 years; 2 male) at Site 2 completed field testing validation. Participant comfort and confidence increased significantly over successive iterations of the system across most categories (Site 1: Wilcoxon signed rank test P=.03; Site 2: Wilcoxon signed rank test P<.001). Additionally, 5 LTC staff members successfully set up the system with minimal cueing from the researchers, demonstrating the usability of the system for caregivers. Iterative design changes incorporated hardware, software, and activity domains. CONCLUSIONS: These initial results demonstrate that LTC older adults and staff are capable and critical to the development and implementation of SAR-VR activities. Future studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of implementation and effectiveness in reducing apathy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05178992; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05178992.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
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