Impact of co-exposure to Chaetoceros spp. and Tenacibaculum maritimum on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) gills
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Fish gills play a critical role in both respiration and immune defense, but they are also prone to diseases such as complex gill disease (CGD), particularly in aquaculture settings. Environmental stressors, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), can inflict significant damage to gills, leading to hypoxic conditions that compromise fish health. Additionally, bacterial pathogens such as Tenacibaculum maritimum are responsible for considerable gill pathology and pose substantial economic challenges in marine fish farming. This study aims to explore the interactions between environmental stressors and immune responses in Atlantic salmon. The hypothesis posited that exposure to Chaetoceros spp. would damage the gills and impact responses to Tenacibaculum infections. Atlantic salmon (∼300 g, n = 500) were kept in 21 tanks in 2 saltwater systems (A: 9; B: 12). Fish in systems A and B were exposed to Chaetoceros spp. (1000 cells/ml) at intervals of 1, 3, and 5 days or just once on day 5, alongside a PBS (Sham) control group. In system B, fish were challenged with T. maritimum (2.92 × 10 6 CFU/mL) after exposure to Chaetoceros spp. in 6 tanks. Gill samples were collected prior to exposure, 6, 9-, 15-, and 35-days post-exposure (dpe) for immunological analyses. For histological analysis samples were collected at 1, 2, 7, 10- and 37 dpe. Additionally, serum amyloid A and cortisol levels in serum and fecal samples were assessed. Mortality in System B was 30 %, occurring mostly within 10 to 21 days. Exposure to Chaetoceros spp. significantly reduced mmp9 expression; however, no other genes were significantly affected, despite observed mortality and skin/mouth lesions in fish. Lamellar congestion and necrosis were non-remarkable in histological analysis. Fish exposed to Chaetoceros spp. exhibited higher scores for hemorrhage and necrosis, although these differences were mild and not statistically significant. Serum cortisol was significantly higher in the Chaetoceros -challenged group at 2 dpi ( p = 0.002). Fecal cortisol levels decreased significantly in the Chaetoceros -challenged group ( p = 0.0276), while no significant differences were found for serum amyloid A ( saa ) compared to Sham controls at 2 dpi. As a result of this experimental exposure, the findings indicated that, despite the histological gill damage, the induction of immunological gene expression, and mortality were minimal. Successful infections were confirmed in both systems, and some level of immunophysiological induction was detected in exposed fish. Further research involving different species of Chaetoceros with Tenacibaculum could provide more insights into their roles in the development of CGD.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».