Deep and fossil aquifers in Morocco: A multidisciplinary assessment of groundwater dynamics and salinization
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In Morocco, groundwater serves as a strategic water resource for drinking, domestic, agriculture, and industrial purposes due to the scarcity of surface water and high vulnerability to climate change. This dependency stems from the arid to semi-arid climate conditions where ecosystems depend on groundwater. Successive droughts, population growth, and economic development, particularly in agriculture, lead to the overexploitation of groundwater, especially shallow aquifers during the three last decades. This situation necessitates an investigation of these deep aquifers to manage this essential resource effectively. Hence, the aim of this study is to provide insights into deep aquifers, including their geometry, hydrodynamic, hydrochemical characteristics, recharge origins, geothermal potential, and residence times to determine which aquifers take longer to recharge and which should remain unexploited. The investigated deep aquifers exhibit a wide range of salinity, with electrical conductivity values ranging from 231 to 49040 μs/cm, whereas pH values range from 5.64 to 10.76. The high salinity is primarily attributed to Cl - , SO 4 2- , Na + and HCO 3 - with average concentrations of 829, 475, 463, and 316 mg/L, respectively. The recharge of the majority studied deep aquifers, particularly the Cretaceous ones (Souss, Essaouira, Ouarzazate, Tadla, Haouz, and Errachidia), is mainly from the High Atlas Mountains, except for the deep aquifers of Sahara where recharge is carried out during a specific context. The deep Jurassic aquifers, including the South Rifain Corridor, High and Middle Moulouya, High Plateaus, Horst Chain, Taourirt-Oujda Corridor, Beni-Bouyahi, and Bni-Znassen aquifers, are recharged from the Middle Atlas and North-Eastern Moroccan Mountains. Most investigated deep aquifers containing old waters are considered fossil or less renewable, with residence times exceeding 20 kiloannum before present (ka BP). The deep Sahara aquifers are the most significant groundwater potential reserves due to their lithologic composition, and their extensive area of approximately 90 000 km 2 , but with very low groundwater replenishment rates dating back over 46.5 ka BP according to radiocarbon dating. Because of their variable mineralisation related to their variable geological contexts and human activities, all the investigated systems show a high vulnerability mainly within their outcrops, which are mainly karstic or fissured areas. These deep aquifers require more stringent management and protection due to arid climate and very low precipitation through all the investigated regions. The results provide indicators about the functioning of the Moroccan deep aquifers and could guide decision-makers and policies for highlighting the need for careful management and conservation. • The deep Liassic and Turonian aquifers are the most important reservoirs in Morocco. • Many deep Moroccan aquifers are primarily recharged from the Atlas Mountains. • Most deep aquifers are fossil aquifers, with residence times exceeding 20,000 years. • Several deep aquifers are predominantly characterized by a Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Na-Cl chemical composition.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».