The Nature of Consumer Law Reforms in Developing and Transitional Countries: A Brief Literature Review
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The evolution of consumer laws in developing and transitional countries is one part of a bigger law reform project in these countries, at least since these countries launched theirs reforms with the purpose to transform their ailing economy into dynamic and modern market economies. This pattern of developments is witnessed in various developing or transitional countries, especially when the communist system collapsed in Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in late 1980s and early 1990s. The law reform projects in those countries are usually conducted under the assistance of global financial institutions such as World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), etc. One of the key questions arising from this global phenomenon is how we should understand the true nature of these law reform projects? The comparative law scholars seem quite active in offering the answers to this question. For Alan Watson and proponents of legal transplants, law reform projects (a main source for legal evolution) are, by nature or essentially, legal transplantation projects. Accordingly, legal drafters are essentially legal transplanters. In fact, as pointed out by Frederique Dahan and Janet Dine, law reform projects in today’s developing and transitional countries, especially with assistance of WB and IMF are based on the assumption that the best ways to construct the functioning market economy and democracy for these countries is to borrow models from Western established successful systems. For Otto Kahn-Freund, Pierre Legrand, and other scholars who disagree with Alan Watson, law reform projects can not be seen as legal transplantation projects. For them, law-reform-as-transplantation projects are generally destined to fail. Law reformers have almost no ways to produce legal changes by transferring legal rules or legal ideas from other countries into their own legal systems. The use of foreign models for legal reforms in developing and transitional countries is an abuse of comparative law knowledge. To overcome this abuse of comparative law, Seidmans and their proponents, who are also critics of Alan Watson, offer a problem-solving legislative theory for law reformers in developing and transitional countries with the hope that law reform projects should be seen as social problem-solving projects and legal drafters must be seen as inventors or tailors of legal solutions rather than transplanters of legal solutions. So, finally, what is essentially the nature of legal reform in developing and transitional countries nowadays? Whether it is a problem-solving process or a legal transplantation process? Whether legal drafters should be seen as legal transplanters or as inventors of legal solutions? Whether legal reformers can hold both of positions, as legal transplanters and legal inventors? If so, which position will be more dominant or they are equally important? The different answers will lead to different ways of proceeding law reform projects because legal transplanters and legal inventors need substantially different skills and experiences.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».