An Ancient Egyptian Diagonal Star Table in Mallawi, Egypt
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Diagonal star tables (also called diagonal star clocks) are ancient Egyptian texts that relate sequences of star names to 10-day periods of the Egyptian civil year. The surviving examples are from the early Middle Kingdom (around 2100 b.c.), with one partial New Kingdom version (around 1200 b.c.). Geographically, the coffins on which the tables occur are predominantly from the necropolis of Asyut in Middle Egypt, with single examples from each of Thebes, Gebelein, and Aswan being the exceptions. The partial New Kingdom version is unique in layout and location, occurring in a monumental context in the Osireion at Abydos.The number of known diagonal star tables is small: thirteen were discussed in 1960 by Neugebauer and Parker in vol. i of their Egyptian astronomical texts (hereafter EAT 1), the first collection of the genre.1 This number had risen to twenty-three well-described examples by the beginning of 2013,2 with a further two tables whose existence was known but whose details were not.3 This paper describes one of these two tables (the other remains out of the sight of academia in a private collection in Europe).The coffin designated by the siglum S2Mal has been noted in Willems,4 Zitman,5 and Lapp.6 Its original location in the necropolis at Asyut is unknown, but it was apparently excavated by Kamal in the 1913-14 season7 and now is on public display in the Monuments Museum in Mallawi, Egypt. The museum number for the coffin is 567 and the owner's name is Hr-htp(w).& The coffin is one of three in the back right corner of the main hall of the museum.The coffin is in a glass case with access to all four sides. The lid is displayed on top of the coffin but raised about eight inches and supported by three wooden frames. The star table itself on the underside of the lid is well spaced and generally clearly legible. The decan (star or asterism) names are rendered in a style typical of Asyut in turquoise with black outlines, and each decan name is followed by a large star determinative in light yellow or white with no central dot. The table's columns are separated by thick turquoise vertical lines outlined in black; thinner black lines separate other regions. The background is yellow and some areas of chipping reveal bright white plaster beneath.The lid's three cross-braces or battens are all present and attached to the lid. The plaster and paint on these battens appear darker than the other parts of the table and the signs are largely illegible. However, traces of decan names and separating lines indicate that all three battens belong to this coffin and are correctly placed.The table is laid out in standard format for a diagonal star table.9 It is divided into four quadrants by a horizontal strip with an offering formula across the middle of the table and a vertical band with four figures (mainly obscured by the middle support). The order of figures in the vertical band can still be determined: the sky goddess Nut and Meskhetiu (the Foreleg, our Big Dipper or Plough) above the horizontal strip and Sahu (approximately equivalent to Orion) and Sopdet (Sirius) below. The offering formula starts with the large red dot characteristic of diagonal star tables, followed by an offering to Re in all his places, to Meskhetiu in the northern sky, and a voice offering of bread and beer to Hr-htp(w), the coffin's owner. The formula then becomes largely illegible because of a horizontal crack between the lid planks. The middle support also obscures part of the formula.The top row of the table contains the decades of the civil year in red. A further four rows precede the horizontal strip and five rows follow it. This table is therefore the only nine-row diagonal star table so far described. The uneven distribution of rows around the horizontal strip is not unique, but is a feature only previously seen in one other partial table, K6, S23L (see Table 1 for an index of tables) which has thirteen rows. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,015 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».