Environmental versus social parameters, landscape, and the origins of irrigation in Southwest Arabia (Yemen)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Using the Wadi Sana watershed of Hadramawt Governate, Yemen as a case study, this dissertation examines how environmental and social factors structured the origins of irrigation in prehistoric Southwest Arabia.It applies three methods, archaeological survey, geomatics, and ethnoarchaeology set within a framework of scientific and humanistic landscape archaeology.Results of archaeological survey and radiocarbon dating confirm that irrigation originated in Southwest Arabia during the mid 6 th millennium calibrated BP and identify shrūj surface runoff irrigation as one of the earliest irrigation techniques in the region.Conflicts between explanations emphasizing environmental versus those stressing social factors have long structured investigations of prehistory and models of transitions to agriculture.To evaluate the relative, interconnected influence of environmental versus social factors this study applies: 1) geomatics to evaluate the hypothesis that locations of ancient irrigation structures in Wadi Sana are closely associated with hydrological variables reflecting close behavioral ties to environmental conditions, and 2) ethnoarchaeology to interpret sociocultural, political, and ideological parameters of ancient irrigation.A sample of 174 irrigation structures is statistically compared with satellite imagery-derived data including landform and hydrological Geographic Information System (GIS) map data layers.A cross-cultural overview of irrigation, synopses of typological and social aspects contemporary irrigation in Yemen, and a preliminary ethnoarchaeological study of water-use and irrigation in present-day Wadi Sana help illustrate how organizational/logistical challenges and perceptions of landscapes and water-rights shaped irrigation's origins.Collective results illustrate why a combination of processual and postprocessual perspectives including both quantitative hypothesis testing and qualitative interpretation best illustrate the relative importance of environmental and social factors.Research findings demonstrate that ancient forager-herders in Wadi Sana chose irrigation structure iii locations based on intimate knowledge of low-energy monsoon runoff along rocky hillslopes, and that new understandings of landscapes as hydraulically malleable domains of anthropogenic control, exclusive rights to water, and new forms of territoriality were crucial to irrigation's origins.iv For my parents, and my brother Bill.v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Yemen is a tremendously fascinating country in so many ways; the greatest thanks must go to the people of Yemen and the Hadramawt who have been such wonderful, gracious hosts.At lunch under the Khuzmum during my first fieldwork in Yemen JoyMcCorriston suggested a study of water management in Wadi Sana might provide an excellent dissertation topic.At first the idea seeming daunting-how could one date any of these structures, surely they would not seriate into neat groups?But as I began to appreciate the importance of irrigation in Yemen (through the work of Abdu Ghaleb, R.B. Serjeant, Daniel Varisco and others) the idea seemed increasingly appealing.Without Dr. McCorriston, the Roots of Agriculture in Southern Arabia (RASA) Research Project, and project co-directors Eric Oches, and Abdalaziz Bin 'Aqil this dissertation would have never made its way from lunchtime to thesis.Joy has offered incalculable assistance, pushed me along, served as a tireless advocate, councilor and has been patient enough to withstand my sometimes taxing
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».