REDUCING UNINTENTIONAL CROSSING OF THE CENTER LINE OR EDGE LINE. LITERATURE REVIEW.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Head-on collisions and run-off-the-road accidents caused 57% of all personal injuries sustained in fatal accidents on public paved roads during 1997-2001 in Finland. A drowsy or inattentive driver is often behind these accidents. This literature review searched for means to improve drivers' lane keeping with different kinds of road markings. The potential number of deaths which center line measures could affect is about 60 in Finland annually. The corresponding numbers for edge line measures is about 10. The safety effect of rumble strips has varied in different studies conducted in the USA. According to Griffith (1999) some big percentual reductions of up to 70% in the number of accidents after the introduction of rumble strips may be due to methodological problems in the studies (after-period too short, no control sites). The shoulder rumble strips are more likely to reduce accidents by 20-30% on motorways. The safety effect of center line rumble strips on two-lane roads is not well known. An important result in this respect comes from Norway, where Giaver et al. (1999) found that raised rib markings on the center line had a greater safety effect than on the edge line. However, the road geometry in Norway may contribute this result. In any case, the positive experiences with profiled road markings have led to fairly widespread recommendations on the use of such markings on edge lines or road shoulders in Norway, Canada and the USA. The measures to prevent unintentional crossing of the center line or edge line can be divided into three groups according to how crossable they are: 1. Easily crossable (visual effects, profiled road markings, road studs); 2. Crossable at low speed (humps, flexible bollards, traffic islands); 3. No crossing possibility (guard rails; these were not included in this study). Narrowing the lane width by some center line measure seems to be an effective means to improve safety because the driver has to pay more attention to the driving task. At the same time the distance between opposite flows of traffic can be increased, which in turn should reduce the risk of collision. When the lane width is narrowed vehicle speeds usually drop, and variations in the lateral position of the vehicles are reduced. However, according to a Dutch study (Ward et al. 1995) this does not lead to overloading of the driver's task.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».