Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Ernie Lightman, Social Policy in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2003, 294 pp. For too long, social policy had to cope with sub-status as an aspect of economic policy or public policy. Social policy deals with the arrangements human beings invent in their several relationships. Ernie Lightman shows that policies of the economy, politics, the family, education, employment, gender, welfare and so forth are ALL social policies. Lightman believes there is much room for manoeuvring and incremental progress within existing social structures and that he desires a welfare society reliant on the state (preface), so we know he is likely liberal-social democrat in approach. His discipline is economics, though this is not a book about welfare economics. It examines programs, services and their resources as well as their costs and financing. He looks at taxing to fund social welfare and shows the relationship with private and volunteer services. Lightman gives clear, edifying examples. The richest quintile of the Canadian population earned $17.60 for every $1 earned by the lowest quintile in 1998. The follow-up is presented as information, not opinion. The income gap between top and bottom widened between 1989 and 1998 from a ratio of 7.2 to 8.6 (income after all taxes and government transfers.) The discussion of gini coefficients is both palatable and understandable. The few mathematical equations are stated in words. This book grapples successfully with difficult and sometimes ambiguous concepts -- equity vs. equality, fairness, justice, consensus, and the integrative function of welfare policy. Residual and institutional approaches to social welfare deserve a judgement call. Which is better? Residualism is an ideology. Responsibility resides with the person and the family (thus the name.) Lightman' s recognition of the need for state intervention to effect any successful social policy leads directly to the institutional approach. Social policy and public welfare are institutions of a society with an effective citizenry and community life (thus that name.) Lightman reviews the social welfare privatization fiascoes of recent decades. The chapter on allocating benefits is especially valuable for social policy veterans and the beginning student. Lightman, as an economist, might have made more of the discussion of the insurance principle. Benefits as citizen right is more equitable than benefits arising from paying premiums for insurance, but Lightman does not comment on the portion of the population that is not covered by social insurance. Insurance schemes are more expensive and complicated, usually have to allow for profit to be skimmed off, and are subject to manipulated actuarial calculations upon which they are based. Lightman begins his short history of Guaranteed Annual Income in the USA with the writings of Milton Friedman, the right-wing ideologue credited with bringing down the welfare state, giving economic advice to Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet (as well as others) and fueling the anti-statist political and economic drives of the 1970s to present. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,006 | 0,017 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,092 | 0,030 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».