The ecology and the biological control of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: curculionidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae)
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, is a highly destructive insect pest of fine turfgrass in the northeastern United States and eastern Canadian provinces. I examined the spatial ecology of L. maculicollis and assessed the virulence of endemic and released entomopathogenic nematodes to weevil stages to develop ecologically based control programs. Endemic populations of Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar infected a range of weevil instars and caused moderate generational mortality. The variability in seasonal abundance of endemic nematode populations and the variability in weevil generational mortality suggests an inability for reliable pest population regulation. Laboratory bioassays demonstrated that L. maculicollis fourth- and fifth-instar larvae were moderately to highly susceptible to nematode infection. Several species of nematodes significantly reduced densities of both instars, although a decrease in susceptibility to nematodes was observed as the insect aged. No difference was observed between the virulence of endemic and commercial nematode strains to any L. maculicollis stage tested. Field trials conducted over a three year period demonstrated great variability in the ability of commercial and endemic nematodes applied at standard field concentrations to reduce L. maculicollis densities below damage thresholds. Many factors, including nematode concentration, weevil spatial distribution and density, and timing of application are believed to have contributed to the variability in control. The spatio-temporal distribution of emerging overwintering adult populations, first generation larvae and the distribution of host plants were examined to identify the spatial structure of populations, better target curative controls and develop monitoring programs. Significant aggregations of cumulative adult captures, larvae and their preferred hosts (Poa annua L.) were found on fairway edges when the entire width of fairways was sampled. Adult distribution rarely coincided with the following week's spatial pattern, suggesting that adults actively disperse across fairways throughout the oviposition period. Spatial association was detected between adults and larvae, but rarely between either stage and P. annua. The findings challenge assumptions of L. maculicollis host preference, but suggest a potential for targeting controls. The data were used to develop sequential sampling programs to rapidly assess adult densities and estimate the threat of larval damage.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle