True North Strong & (Trade Barrier) Free: Reasons and recommendations to eliminate non-tariff barriers to internal trade within Canada
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Constitution of Canada delegates decision-making authority over all matters of international and interprovincial trade and commerce to the federal government. Yet interprovincial trade impediments abound, as a result of provincial authority that expressly allows for the regulation of all matters related to property and civil rights. In a federation of equal, self-governing provinces and territories, it is inevitable that discrepancies between regulations will arise out of such independent decision-making. In Canada, wherever regulatory misalignment adversely affects interprovincial trade in goods and services—which is responsible for about one-fifth of Canada’s annual gross domestic product—an internal barrier to trade is said to exist. From the perspective of Canadian firms, internal barriers to trade create duplication and variation in processes and procedures, deter foreign direct and private sector investments in uncompetitive jurisdictions, and fragment the domestic market, which all serve to discourage competition and innovation. From the perspective of Canadian consumers, this duplication, deterrence, and fragmentation increases the price of preferred goods and services, while simultaneously limiting their very availability. Internal barriers to trade impact productivity and business formation, the ease of doing business, and the success of small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as aggregate welfare, labour mobility, and Canada’s ability to realize its future economic growth potential. Historical attempts at dismantling internal barriers to trade have resulted in a patchwork of solutions across the country; certain efforts have fallen short, certain efforts have made real progress, but none have resulted in a truly single market for Canadian goods, services, capital, and labour. The agriculture and mining, finance, food and textiles, and wholesale and retail sectors of the Canadian economy are some of the most interconnected and are ripe for liberalization. Policy solutions to this seemingly intractable issue do exist, having been adopted by federations around the world that have been faced with similar internal trade hang-ups. Mutual recognition agreements, regulatory harmonization initiatives, the greater empowerment of existing regulatory authorities and internal trading arrangements, and the modernization of key domestic public institutions would all help Canada to achieve the economic union that was first envisioned by the Fathers of Confederation. As with any direct interference in the free market, any government support that is directed to facilitate enhanced interprovincial trade would inevitably come with unintended consequences. However, the long-run socio-economic benefits to Canadians from all walks of life and Canada as a whole would outweigh any near-term economic disruptions. In the wake of the current COVID-19 pandemic, Canada will need to use every policy tool in its arsenal to service its massive levels of debt, support its aging population, and preserve its way of life for future generations.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,005 | 0,012 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,015 | 0,007 |
| Communication savante | 0,011 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,007 | 0,008 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,015 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».