Early-stage Colonisation of Chicken Gut Microbiota: A Novel Approach to Poultry Health Management
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The poultry industry is an important part of the world economy. The demand for high-quality, affordable meat products is rising due to the increasing world population. Poultry meat is essential as it provides food security to developing countries and is an alternative to expensive beef and pork products. In Australia, the poultry industry is a major contributing factor to the economy. Several issues can affect the yield of chicken meat. These issues include disease outbreaks and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Maintenance and improvement of chicken health are important, as this can help the poultry industry by improving the quality of products and thus boosting the economy. Gut health is one of the major factors influencing the overall health of the chicken. The poultry gut microbiota is important for nutrient digestion and absorption, development of a robust immune system, competitive exclusion of pathogens, and promoting overall gut health and preventing infections. A healthy gut microbiota can lead to better feed efficiency, higher meat yield and a better quality of life for the birds. Therefore, studying the chicken gut and the microorganisms that colonise it is important. The different microorganisms that colonise the gut can alter the conditions of the gut, influencing the health of the birds. This thesis deals with the concept of controlled colonisation of the chicken gut. Colonisation refers to the process by which the microorganisms establish themselves within the gastrointestinal tract, adhering to the intestinal lining and modulating the conditions to support various gut functions. Studies have shown that the gut is colonised soon after the birds hatch and are exposed to the environment. Once the gut is colonised, any products or feed additives supplied through the feed and water have minimal effect on the gut microbiota. Due to the total removal of maternal microbiota transfer options in modern poultry production, there was an urgent and unmet need to assist in industrial poultry gut colonisation. While faecal transplants have shown great success in human health and can restore significantly damaged intestinal health, attempts to utilise this approach in poultry via spraying caecal content had experimental promise but were impractical to apply in hatcheries. The first product created to address this issue and ensure that hatchlings are colonised with chicken microbiota rather than random environmental microbes incapable of providing functions needed for health and performance was Aviguard. This is a specialised poultry product designed to establish and maintain a healthy gut microbiota in birds. It consists of a freeze-dried preparation of live, beneficial intestinal bacteria sourced from healthy adult chickens. The product contains over 200 different bacterial species that are integral to a balanced avian gut community. The aim of this project and the animal trials was to test the product Aviguard (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Canada) for its ability to colonise the chicken gut when administered immediately after hatching and its impact on growth, feed efficiency and intestinal microbiota development. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the poultry industry and includes a literature review. This detailed review discusses the problems that are plaguing the poultry industry. Utilizing the information from the review, Chapter 2 describes the in-house animal trial and the effect that Aviguard had on the cloacal microbiota and on the performance parameters. Chapter 3 is a detailed study of the effect of Aviguard on different gut sections, including the crop, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and cecum. This chapter also deals with the changes in litter quality due to the administration of Aviguard. Chapter 4 is a study about the effect of Aviguard on the gene expression profiles, metabolic pathways, histomorphological changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids. The next chapter, Chapter 5, presents a broiler trial conducted at a commercial farm to determine the effects of at-hatch administration of Aviguard on chicken gut colonisation in an industrial hatchery setting. The final chapter, Chapter 6, provides conclusions and suggests further studies to build upon the current research.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».