Carbon adsorption and life cycle analysis of natural gas production and utilization
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission shows unprecedented challenge that should warn governments and industries to address this global issue. Carbon dioxide is the main source of GHG. The carbon dioxide emission should be curtailed by implementing carbon capture projects, including testing of solid adsorbents. As natural gas production and utilization grow in many industries, the carbon footprint should be quantified by establishing a life cycle analysis using “cradle to grave” methodology. Adsorption is one of many methodologies that separate CO₂ from flue gas. In this thesis, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) theory is utilized to measure the specific surface areas of solid adsorbents, such as, activated carbon, polyurethane samples and shales (Permian, Mancos and Eagle Ford) from nitrogen adsorption. Next, CO₂ adsorption is measured by using Micromeritcs 3Flex instrument at 0°C. BET experiments show that the activated carbon had a high specific area of 1138 m²/g. In contrast, Ottawa sand and polyurethane samples had low specific surface area. The specific surface area of Permian, Mancos and Eagle Ford shales ranged from 2-8 m²/g, which mainly depends on the clay content of the shale. Carbon dioxide adsorption was measured from 0.1 to 1 atm at 0°C. Adsorption capacity of the activated carbon was around 85 cm³/g whereas for shales was less than 1 cm³/g. This specific surface area correlated with the adsorption capacity. Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a key methodology to assess the carbon footprint of any substance including natural gas. Natural gas is widely used in many service sectors in United States. In this thesis, LCA is pursued to calculate the carbon footprint of natural gas using the cradle to grave method by constructing a simple model using Excel. This model inputs carbon footprint of fuels in gCO₂/kWh and the energy footprint of used materials during LCA such as steel, cement and steel pipes in kWh/kg. The carbon footprint is calculated during the gas extraction, processing, flaring, transportation, utility and plug and abandonment stages. The LCA duration is set to be 10 years. The total carbon footprint is calculated by quantifying the required energy of each stage in kWh then dividing by the total energy produced during the lifecycle in kWh. Additionally, the cost is calculated by averaging the Henry Hub price and the utility price in Rhode Island, which operates 94% of its electric grid by natural gas power plants. This study shows the carbon footprint of natural gas to be 185.7 gCO2/kWh with an average cost of $0.10/kWh. The utility stage has the highest carbon footprint in LCA of natural gas. This model would help in assessing the carbon intensity of natural gas for any country in the world.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».