Aleiodes pseudoseriatus van Achterberg & Shaw & Fernandez-Triana & Quicke 2024, sp. nov.

Aleiodes pseudoseriatus van Achterberg & Shaw sp. nov. Figs 3–4, 5–17, 18–19, 20 Type material. Holotype, ♀ (NMS), “ Italy, Veneto, Vittoria Veneto (VT), Frazione di fais, 46.017 N 12.274 E (WGS 48), 450 m, 18. vii. 2016, [at] UV light, D. Dal Pos ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1064 ”, “ DNA COI worked ”. Paratypes: 1 ♂ (BZL), Austria: Bad Ischl, OÖ [= Oberösterreich], Höherstein, 820 m, lux SW-wand, Forststrasse, N. 47.686 ° E 13.689 °, 3. vii. 2010, N. Pöll ”; 1 ♂ (MSC), A [ustria]: Oberösterreich, 13 km SSW Reichraming, Krahlalm, 47 ° 46 ' N, 14 ° 23 ' E 22. vi. 2011, 680– 850 m, M. Schwarz ”; 1 ♂ (BZL) “ A-OÖ [= Austria: Oberösterreich], Linz-Urfahr, Pragerstrasse, N 48.19. 16 E 14.17. 36 18–19. vii. 2013, Trefenthaler ”; 1 ♂ (BZL), id., but “ KGA Riesenhof, Parz 60 E 14.16. 15 N 48.19. 06, 5–8. ix. 2013 ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “ Belgium: Liège, Mt. Rigi, 650 m, 1–2. viii. 1986, at light, C. Bank, RMNH ”; 2 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 2. viii. 1986, C. v. Achterberg; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Bulgaria: W Stara Planina Mts, confluence of Penkova and Berkovska rivers, 558 m, N 43.2233 E 023.07596, 10. ix. 2021, S. Beshkov & A. Nahirnić-Beshkova ”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “ CZ [= Czech Republic]: Bohemia, C. Budéjovice, D. Voda, N 48 ° 58 ’ E 14 ° 32 ’ 470 m, M. Halada 10. vii. 2001 ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ [England:], Cumbria, Howe, Whitbarrow, [at] MV light, 24. viii. [19] 95, M. R. Shaw ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Cum [bria], Roudsea Wood, at light, 15. vii. [20] 06, M. R. Shaw ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 455 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 616 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NHMUK), “ England: E. Kent, West Wood, TR 1426143868, MV light, 29. viii. 2011 ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 819 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♀ (NHMUK), “ England, Cornwall, Ding Dong, Tredinnick Stack, SW 444348 MV light trap, J. Herbert, BMNH (E) 2012-41 ”; 1 ♂ (NHMUK), “ [England]: Hen Wood, SU 6522 Hants VC 11, 23. vii. 2013 MV ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Estonia: Piargu, Raplamaa Farmland, [N] 59.122167, [E] 24.831745, 9. ix. 2019 MV light, Kaido Kärner ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1103 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1104 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ France: Côte d’Or, Abbaye de la Bussière, La Bussière-sur-Ouche, at light, 19. vii. 2003, M. R. Shaw ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 262 ”, “ DNA COI worked ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 254 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 252 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “ France: Finistère, Forêt du Cranou, 7 km E [of] le Faou, on Taxus, 27. vi. 1988, M. J. Gijswijt ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ France: Doubs, RN Lac de Remoray, 16. viii. 2009, Mal. tr [ap] 3, 948242 / 6634536, H. Gens, RMNH ’ 23 ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Finland: Oulu, Ketolanoja, Muhos, Mal. tr. 5–19. viii. [20] 05, N. Laurenne ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Germany: Bayerswald, 2001, M. Kuhlmann ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 222 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “ Germany: Thüringen, NP Hainich, nr Eisenach, [reared] from Fagus sylvatica stems, 12. vi- 3. vii. 2008, M. Gossner, RMNH ’ 08 ”; 1 ♀ (ZSM), “ [Germany]: Ober Bayern, Garmisch, 12–1300 m, 10. viii. 1936, E. Bauer ”; 2 ♀ (ZSM), “ [Germany]: Ebenhausen, Isart, viii. [19] 40, K. V. Rosen ”; 7 ♂ (MTMA), “ Hungary, Nógrád m., Bátonyterenye (Kistererenye), Csente, Kertvárosi kert ”, “ 48.0074992 ° / 19.8180737 ° [= 20. viii – 9. ix. 2016], P. G. Sulyán, lámpázás (6) ”; 1 ♂ (MTMA), id., but “ [= 24. ix – 30. ix. 2016] ... lámpázás (8) ”; 1 ♂ (MTMA), id., but [= 15. x. 2016] ... lámpázás (9) ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ [Ireland]: Wexford, 5. vii. [19] 02, J. J. F. X. King ”; 1 ♀ (NHMUK), “ [Ireland]: Kilkea Deerpark, Co, W [e] x [ford], 4. vi. 1937, A. W. Stelfox ”; 3 ♀ + 2 ♂ (NMS), “ Italy: Veneto, Riserva Naturale Integrale Bosco Nordio, Chioggia, 45.122 N 12.260 E, 28. vii. 2016, D. Dal Pos ”; 2 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ 3. vi. 2016 ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Netherlands: Noord Holland duinreservaat, Egmond aan Zee, MV 8. vii. 2016, M. R. Shaw ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 838 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 839 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 840 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 2 ♂ (NMS), id., but no DNA labels 1 ♂ + 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ Netherlands: Gld, Tongeren, 3. ix. 1991, B. v. Aartsen ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id., but 9. vii. 1989, C. J. Zwakhals; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ Netherlands: LI, Brunssum-Treebeek, c. 100 m, 50 ° 56 ' 17 " N, 5 ° 56 ' 58 " E, garden, at light, 25–31. vii. 2018, G. Lommen, RMNH ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 3–10. vi. 2018; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ [Netherlands: UT,] 3 bergen [= Driebergen], Six [c. 1860] ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ [? Netherlands, Hilvarenbeek], H. B., 3. vii ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “ Nederland: Gld, ‘ t Harde, 16. viii. 1993, B. v. Aartsen ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ Netherlands [: FR], Fochtelo, 4. ix. 2001, B. v. Aartsen; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ Netherlands: DR, Borger, Boswachterij Borger, UTM LD, 495693, SBB-vak 26, 25–28. vii. 1993, Mal. tr [ap], L. Witmond ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ Netherlands: NB, Tilburg, Kaaistoep, at light, 18. vii. 2017, 128.8–394.6, T. Peeters, RMNH ’ 18 ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ [Netherlands:] Gld, Epe, de Dellen, 19. vii. 1994, B. v. Aartsen ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “ [Netherlands:] OV, Hasselt, Stadsgaten, 24. vii. 1994, B. v. Aartsen ”; 3 ♀ (RMNH), “ Netherlands: NB, Achtmaal, O. Bluisse Heide, MT, R. D. 97–386, 5. viii. 2015, E. Brosens ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 15. viii. 2015; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Norway: RY Hølland, 58.52445 N 5.83518 E, 17. vii – 2. vii. 2020 Mal. tr. A. T. Mjøs ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Serbia: Kasan, N of Prepollent, 1256 m, 43 ° 19 ' 35 " N, 19 ° 96 ' 44 " E, 3. vii. 2019, C. W. Plant ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1057 ”, “ DNA COI worked ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Serbia: Tzaribrod (Dimitrovgrad) distr., Vištni Kamen above Bačevo Village, 763 m, N 43.0271, E 022.8239 11. viii. 2021, S. Beshkov & A. Nahirnić-Beshkova ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1129 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♀ + 3 ♂ (NMS), “ Serbia: Suva Planina, Preslap, 1186 m, N 43.19473 E 022.24400, 30. vi. 2021, S. Beshkov & A. Nahirnić-Beshkova ”; 1 ♀ (NHMUK), “ Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Postojne, 24. vii, R. L. Coe ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ Espana [= Spain:] Huesca, Torla, 1035 m, 8–26. vii. 1974, J. Wolschrijn ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), “ Sweden: Bohuslän, Tossene, Åby, MV, 9. vii – 13. viii. 2013, N. Ryrholm ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 864 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ 14. viii – 21. xi. 2013 ” and no DNA labels; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Sweden: Bohuslän, Tossene, Stora Hultet MV, 8. viii – 21. xi. 2013 N. Ryrholm, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 867 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 868 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), id, but “ 28. v – 5. viii. 2013 ” and no DNA labels; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Sweden: Gästrikland, Staffen, Grinduga, MV, 23. vii – 9. 9. 2013 N. Ryrholm ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 870 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Sweden: Ha [lland], Ysby Perstorp, 1–8. viii. 2004, N. Ryrholm, NMS Z 2004.167 ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 385 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 2 ♂ (NMS), id., but no DNA labels; 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Sweden: Skåne, Ö Hoby, Spraggehusen, MV, 1. ix – 30. x. 2013 N. Ryrholm ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 854 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 2 ♂ (NMS), id., but no DNA labels: 1 ♂ (NMS), “ Sweden: Skåne, Spraggehusen, MV, 20. v – 16. vii. 2017 N. Ryrholm / C. Källender ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 983 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 2 ♀ + 4 ♂ (NMS), “ Sweden: Skåne, Käseberga, Käseberga, 17. vii – 14. ix. 2013, N. Ryrholm ”; 1 ♀ (NHMUK), “ Sweden: Sk [åne], Degaberga, 8. vii. 1938, D. M. S. P [erkins] & J. F. P [erkins], B. M. 1938-414 ”; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (NHMUK), id., but “ 10. vii. 1038 ”; 1 ♀ (NHMUK), id., but “ 14. vii. 1938 ”; 3 ♀ (NHMUK), “ Sweden: Skåne, Löderup, 27. vii. 1938, D. M. S. P [erkins] & J. F. P [erkins], B. M. 1938-414 ” 1 ♀ (NMS), Switzerland: BE, Lenk, Brandegg, 1540 m, 29. vi – 3. vii. 2019, M. R. Shaw ”, “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1033 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♀ (NMS), id., but “ MRS Aleiodes DNA 1034 ”, “ DNA CO 1 worked ”; 1 ♀ (NHMUK), “ Switzerland: Grindelwald, viii. 1937, G. Nixon ”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “ CH [= Switzerland]: Lauerz, SZ, Schuttwald, 480 m, 8. viii. 1990, Lf, L. Rezbanyai-Reser ”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 26. vi. 1990; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 11. ix. 1991; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but Sägel (Ried), 455 m, 24. vii. 1990. Most unassociated males are considered too doubtfully determined to be treated as paratypes. Molecular data. We have DNA barcoded material from England, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Serbia, Sweden and Switzerland (see Fig. 1). Biology. The record (Fahringer 1934) of A. “ vittiger ” from Atolmis (as Gnophria) rubricollis (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini) is presumed to relate to this species, but we have not seen a reared specimen ourselves except for one partially formed adult extracted from a mummy of this host from Austria that is, unfortunately, not in good enough condition to be determined unequivocally as A. pseudoseriatus. However, we have barcoded the dead parasitoid prepupa (MRS 935) from a failed mummy of this moth from the Netherlands and it clusters in the tree unequivocally with A. pseudoseriatus. Also, at a site in S. Cumbria, England where A. pseudoseriatus is the only one of the two relevant Aleiodes we have found (and barcoded), we have on several occasions obtained mummies of A. rubricollis that must undoubtedly have harboured A. pseudoseriatus, though unfortunately, none survived to produce adults of the parasitoid. The host is increasingly widely distributed and abundant in Europe, and its larva feeds on algae on (often dead) twigs of trees, perhaps with a special liking for conifers, from about July into October. It overwinters as a pupa (unlike Eilema griseola), so in this case the parasitoid overwinters in the host mummy and has proved to be difficult to rear. To judge from their behaviour in captivity, parasitised Atolmis rubricollis larvae probably descend from trees to mummify in the litter rather than the mummy forming on twigs. Aleiodes pseudoseriatus is univoltine with a flight time from the very end of June to September. A female paratype (not barcoded but confidently determined and from the area in England (S. Cumbria) where only A. pseudoseriatus has be

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