Pugettia Dana 1851

Genus Pugettia Dana, 1851 Pugettia Dana, 1851: 268 (type species Pugettia gracilis Dana, 1851, subsequent designation by Miers 1879).—Miers 1879: 650.—Stimpson 1907: 24.—Holmes 1900: 24.—Rathbun 1925: 167.—Schmitt 1921: 205.—Garth 1958: 186.—Sakai 1965: 72.—Griffin & Tranter 1986: 92.—Ng et al. 2008: 101.—Wicksten 2012: 209. Mimulus Stimpson, 1860: 199.—A. Milne-Edwards 1878: 144.—Holmes 1900: 23.—Rathbun 1904: 173.—Rathbun 1925: 182.—Schmitt 1921: 204.—Garth 1958: 183.—Ng et al. 2008: 101.—Wicksten 2012: 208. Type locality Puget Sound, Washington. Species included Pugettia dalli Rathbun, 1894 Pugettia elongata Yokoya, 1933 Pugettia foliata (Stimpson, 1860) Pugettia gracilis Dana, 1851 (type species) Pugettia hubbsi Garth, 1958 Pugettia incisa (De Haan, 1839) Pugettia intermedia Sakai, 1938 Pugettia kagoshimensis Rathbun, 1932 Pugettia leytensis Rathbun, 1916 Pugettia marissinica Takeda & Miyake, 1972 Pugettia mindanaoensis Rathbun, 1916 Pugettia minor Ortmann, 1893 Pugettia nipponensis Rathbun, 1932 Pugettia ogasawaraensis Komatsu, 2011 Pugettia producta (Randall, 1840) Pugettia quadridens (De Haan, 1839) Pugettia pellucens Rathbun, 1932 Pugettia richii Dana, 1851 Pugettia similis Rathbun, 1932 Pugettia tasmanensis Richer de Forges, 1993 Pugettia venetiae Rathbun, 1924 Remarks. In his Latin description (translated by Holmes 1900), Stimpson (1860) defined the genus as: “ Carapace flattened, more or less pentagonal; antero-lateral margin laminate and cut by a narrow fissure into two closely approximate lobes. Rostrum short, bifid, and horizontal. Orbits incomplete below, but furnished above with a preorbital and postorbital spine. Eyes not concealed when retracted. Merus of the external maxillipeds short, the external angle obtuse, the internal angle incised; outer margin of the exognath dilated. Hand of the chelipeds much compressed and sublaminate. The propodi of the ambulatory legs have a setose tooth near the middle of the inferior margin. First pair of ambulatory legs exceeding the others.” Stimpson stated "this genus is near Epialtus, with lamellar expansions of the sides of the carapax as in some Hueniae ". The narrow chelipeds shown in the original illustration demonstrate that this individual was a female (Stimpson 1860: pl.1A). The type locality was “taken from the stomachs of percoid fishes, (“Cabesones”) caught off Monterey, California, by A.S. Taylor”. Cabezon is the common name of Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres, 1854), family Cottidae, a crab-eating fish. Stimpson made no mention of or made comparison to species of Pugettia. Stimpson’s specimens were housed in the Chicago Academy of Sciences, which was destroyed in a fire in 1871. The type specimen almost surely was destroyed. Garth (1958) reported that a “male cotype without chelipeds or legs” existed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, but no syntypes of M. foliatus have been found in the British Museum (Natural History) (Evans 1967). A. Milne-Edwards (1867) described a second species, Mimulus acutifrons, which supposedly could be distinguished from M. foliatus by the “frontal teeth” (rostral horns), which are “short and hardly separated from the median line, and by the supra-orbital angles not reaching as far” (translated from the French). There were no illustrations and there was only a single specimen (sex not stated), and no information on the type locality was given except that the specimen had been part of the collections of “Baron de Lafresnaye”. The type material, which seems to have been deposited in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, is apparently lost (D. Guinot, pers. comm.) Garth (1958) questionably placed M. acutifrons in synonymy with M. foliatus. The length of the rostral horns is variable in specimens of M. foliatus, and the supra-orbital angles can vary with age and sex. It is impossible without the examination of the holotype to know for certain if Milne-Edwards’ specimen could be assigned to Mimulus or a related genus, or in which localities one might look for a similar specimen. Newcombe (1893) contacted M.J. Rathbun regarding a specimen collected in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. She stated that she was “unable to separate the genus from Pugettia ”. Newcombe (1893) recorded the species as Pugettia (Mimulus) foliata Stimpson. Rathbun (1894:72) wrote "there seems to be no good reason for placing this (Mimulus foliatus) in a genus distinct from Pugettia," and referred to the species as Pugettia foliata. The "antennae have the basal joint as in that genus" (Pugettia) and the flagellum is flattened and exposed at the side of the rostrum, the "carapace is wider than in other species of Pugettia " and the chelipeds present showed "nothing distinctive". The maxillipeds, abdomen, sternum, and ambulatory legs were considered as "almost exactly" as in Pugettia gracilis Dana, 1851. Holmes (1900: 23) translated Stimpson's original Latin description of Mimulus but made no comparisons to species of Pugettia. Without explanation, he cited Pugettia foliata, as given by Rathbun (1894), as a junior synonym of M. foliatus. Rathbun (1904: 173) referred it as M. foliatus. Schmitt (1921), Rathbun (1925), and Garth (1958) considered Mimulus a valid genus, containing only one species, M. foliatus. Garth’s work provided a brief re-description of the species along with illustrations, and Garth (1958) and Wicksten (2012) provided extensive synonymies. Schmitt (1921), Rathbun (1925), and Garth (1958) distinguished species of Pugettia from Mimulus on the basis of the lateral margins of the carapace being markedly flattened or produced. Schmitt (1921) stated that the upper surface of the carapace of Pugettia bore spines or tubercles instead of being smooth, and assigned P. producta Randall, 1839, to Epialtus H. Milne-Edwards, 1834. The dorsal surface of the carapace of P. producta is smooth. Schmitt's description of M. foliatus noted that it possessed two median "obsolescent" tubercles as well as a tubercle on the posterior branchial region, and thus contradicted the generic distinction from Pugettia given in his key. Garth (1958: pls. L, O, P, Q) figured the right first pleopods of male epialtid crabs (as subfamilies Acanthonychinae and Pisinae of the Majidae), including M. foliatus, P. producta, P. richii, four other Pugettia species, and Talipeus nuttallii. In both M. foliatus and the species of Pugettia, this pleopod bears a flared apex with a pointed tip and one or two opposing grooved projections of equal or slightly shorter length. Both M. foliatus and the species of Pugettia bear some form of median protuberance: a spinulous lobe, "tongue," rounded lobule, or two smaller lobes. In contrast, the first pleopods of T. nuttallii do not have the median protuberance, and the lateral projections are not curved, as in Pugettia. The male pleopods of other species of Epialtidae vary, ending in a curved, spiny, or flattened apex, two concave points, small and blunt lobes or a complicated structure of depressed areas and protrusions. The shapes of the distal areas of the male first pleopods of M. foliatus, P. producta P. richii, and T. nuttallii are in close agreement with those figured by Garth. Griffin & Tranter (1986: fig. 28) figured the male first pleopods of the western Pacific P. incisa, P. intermedia, P. marissinica, and P. quadridens. Komatsu (2011), in the original description of P. ogasawarensis, and Richer de Forges (1993), in the original description of P. tasmanensis, also figured the first pleopods. The pleopods of all of the western Pacific and Tasman Sea species have similar apices, only varying in fine details of the angle, length, and curvature of the lobes and tubercles. The structure of the first pleopod of male M. foliatus falls within the range of species variation of the genus Pugettia. Hultgren & Stachowicz (2008a) studied the habitat distinctions between P. producta, P. richii, and M. foliatus. These three species can be found in intertidal areas along the coast of California, but have distinct habitats: P. producta is usually found among large kelps, (Macrocystis or Egregia spp.), P. richii among red algae (Rhodophyta), and M. foliatus typically in the lowest intertidal zone into shallow subtidal regions, on rocks, among algae, or in kelp holdfasts (Fig. 1 C). The relatively smooth carapaces of P. producta and M. foliatus may be related to climbing on algae or hiding among kelp holdfasts. Of the three species, only P. richii decorates by attaching algae or hydroids to its rostrum and the sides of the carapace. The other two species may attach a small piece of alga to the rostrum but do not cover the body from dorsal view. The three species share similar ranges: P. producta from the Queen Charlotte Is., Canada to Point Asunción, Baja California, Mexico; P. richii from Prince of Wales I., Alaska to Asunción Bay, Baja California; and M. foliatus from Unalaska, Alaska to San Diego, California, although it is uncommon south of Point Conception, California. A report of M. foliatus from Mazatlán, western Mexico is "questionable" (Garth 1958). Hultgren & Stachowicz (2008b) used a genetic analysis to study the relationships among majoid crabs. The study included members of the Epialtidae, including six species of Pugettia, M. foliatus, and Taliepus nuttallii. It was found that M. foliatus was as closely related to other species of Pugettia as species of Pugettia were to each other. As pointed out by Rathbun (1894: 72), the closest relative to M. foliatus seems to be P. gracilis. Hultgren & Stachowicz (2008b) suggested, but did not confirm, that Mimulus should be considered to be a junior synonym of Pugettia. Stimpson (1860) and subsequent authors gave great importance to the lateral flattened expansions of M. foliatus, as seen in the "Hueniae", as a difference with other majoid crabs. The first author examined specimens of Huenia heraldica (De Haan, 1837) (Epialtidae) in the collections of the Bis

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