Chalcovietnamicus Marusik 1991

Genus Chalcovietnamicus Marusik, 1991 Chalcovietnamicus Marusik, 1991: 26 (described as subgenus of Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880); Logunov 2020: 524, figs 1–10; Wang & Li 2022: 91, figs 3A–C, 4A–G; type species: Chalcoscirtus vietnamensis Żabka, 1985 from Vietnam. Junxattus Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012: 40, figs 66–70; Prószyński 2017: 75, figs 38B, 39J; Prószyński 2019: 122, figs 1D, G–H, L, U–V, 2B; type species: Junxattus daiqini Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012 from Sumatra. syn. nov. Type species: Chalcoscirtus vietnamensis Żabka, 1985, by subsequent designation. Diagnosis. Chalcovietnamicus Marusik, 1991 can be distinguished from all other genera of Euophryini by the bulging and spherical spermathecae with accessory glands (AG) attached (Figs 18, 36, 115). Chalcovietnamicus shares dense pits on cephalon like other members of the Laufeia group of genera, but it can be distinguished by the carapace unusually wide at front, almost a square, with the top flat until it slopes downward abruptly on the posterior half of the thorax. Chalcovietnamicus can also be distinguished from other genera of the Laufeia group by the combination of following features: (1) the copulatory ducts are short, with length commonly shorter or equal to the diameter of spermathecae (Figs 18, 36, 115); (2) the embolus is relatively short, with the embolic apophysis (EA) present as a flag-like structure at the apical back of embolus (in vietnamensis -group; Fig. 136), or absent (in daiqini - group; Figs 60–69); (3) the embolic disc is large and hidden in the back side of bulb, invisible from ventral view of the palp (Figs 141–146); (4) the distal haematodocha is reduced, smaller than the tegulum when the palpal bulb is expanded (Fig. 53); (5) the spermathecae have no inner folded tubes (Fig. 18); (6) the secondary spermathecae are absent (Figs 18, 36, 115). In all other euophryine genera with bulging and spherical spermathecae, the accessory glands are usually present on the copulatory ducts or absent (Zhang & Maddison 2015: figs 256, 288, 621). In other genera of the Laufeia group, the copulatory ducts are relatively long, with length longer than the diameter of spermathecae (Yu et al. 2023: figs 62, 114); the embolus is often longer, obviously hook-like along with a large bicuspid embolic apophysis (Lokina Yu, Maddison & Zhang, 2023), or narrow and spiral (Amoenema Yu & Zhang, 2023 and Orcevia Thorell, 1890); the embolic disc is visible in ventral view of palp (Yu et al. 2023: figs 109, 133); in Laufeia Simon, 1889, the secondary spermathecae are present (Wang & Li 2021: fig. 5B); in Orcevia Thorell, 1890, the spermathecae contain inner folded tubes (Prószyński 2019: fig. 1R); in Amoenema, Orcevia and Laufeia, the distal haematodocha is welldeveloped, obviously larger than the tegulum when expanded (Zhang & Maddison 2015: fig. 651). Description. Medium-sized spiders (total length = 2.96–4.03 in males, 3.29–4.59 in females). Body dark, with several neat golden setal bands (Figs 105–108) or covered by dense khaki setae (Figs 4–9) and in mottled pattern (Figs 70–74). Carapace slightly square in dorsal view, cephalon with dense pits. Chelicerae with two promarginal teeth and one bicuspid retromarginal tooth (Fig. 15). Endite with anterior-lateral subtriangular extension in males (Figs 13, 78, 131). Sternum in females with central setal tuft, absent in males. Legs I relatively elongated in males (ratio of leg I to carapace length = ca. 2: 1), whereas unmodified in females (ratio of leg I to carapace length = ca. 4: 3). Embolus relatively short (length shorter than width of tegulum), with large flag-like embolic apophysis (EA) on dorsal distal part (Figs 116, 134) or not (Figs 60–68); embolic disc (ED) large and not disc-like, commonly longer than embolus, located between cymbium and dorsal side of bulb, and invisible from ventral view (Figs 141–146); distal haematodocha reduced, smaller than tegulum after expansion (Fig. 53); retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) about half length of palpal bulb, tip usually blunt; ratio of length of cymbium to palpal bulb = ca. 5: 4 (except in C. terbakar sp. nov. the ratio = ca. 3: 2). Epigynal atria small, relatively close to each other and obviously far away from epigynal furrow (Fig. 16); copulatory ducts short; spermathecae large and bulging, even spherical (Fig. 136), with accessory gland attached at its base; Bennett’s glands (BG) rather small, length shorter than fertilization duct (Fig. 18). Distribution. China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam. Species included. Eight species are currently included in this genus: Chalcovietnamicus daiqini (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) comb. nov., C. lii (Lei & Peng, 2010), C. logunovi Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov., C. marusiki Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov., C. naga Logunov, 2020, C. terbakar Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov., C. vietnamensis (Żabka, 1985) and C. weihangi Yu & Zhang, sp. nov.. All the known species, except C. naga (see the comment in the remarks below), are here classified into two species groups based on the morphological characters: daiqini -group and vietnamensis- group. Remarks. The leaf-litter dwelling species from Philippines, Chalcovietnamicus naga Logunov, 2020, has the screwed embolus without large and hidden embolic disc, the smooth outer edge of endites without small triangular protuberance, and a large fissidentate tooth of four cusps at retromargin (Logunov 2020: 524–525, figs 1–6), indicating that this species likely does not belong to Chalcovietnamicus. However, its generic placement is uncertain, so here we consider it as an incertae sedis in Chalcovietnamicus; further study is needed to clarify its taxonomy. The similar body form, dense pits on cephalon, the short embolus along with a large embolic disc hidden in the back of bulb, the small atria and spherical spermathecae with small accessory glands at the base, all indicate Junxattus Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012 is congeneric to Chalcovietnamicus, and they belong to the Laufeia group of Euophryini (Zhang & Maddison 2013, 2015). This is also supported by an unpublished preliminary molecular phylogeny. Therefore, we herein consider Junxattus as a junior synonym of Chalcovietnamicus. The scroll-like embolus without large embolic disc hidden behind the bulb, the single tooth on the retromargin of chelicerae and the absence of dense pits on the cephalon (Zhang & Maddison 2012, figs 75–80; Zhang & Maddison 2015, figs 453–457, 653) indicate that Chalcovietnamicus zhui (Zhang & Maddison, 2012) is not a member of the genus, and then the original genus for this species Parvattus is valid. This is also clearly supported by molecular phylogenetic data which shows Parvattus is not closely related to the Laufeia group of genera (including Junxattus), but rather to Parabathippus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 (Zhang & Maddison 2013, 2015). Thus, we herein restore the status of Parvattus Zhang & Maddison, 2012 stat. res. and the combination of its type species Parvattus zhui Zhang & Maddison, 2012 comb. res..

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