Adverb placement processing in English by balanced English-French bilinguals
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Previous findings suggest a shared-syntax account of language representation of bilingual populations. Language acquisition and bilingual attainment are affected by a huge cluster of variables, among which the maturational factor and manner of acquisition (MoA) are prominent. The purpose of this study is to investigate how age of immersion (AoI) and MoA modulate the shared syntactic representation of (balanced) bilinguals. From a language production perspective, studies on cross-language syntactic priming have contributed to the shared-syntax hypothesis (Hartsuiker, 2021; Hartsuiker et al., 2004; Loebell & Bock, 2003; Muylle et al., 2021). For instance, the syntactic blocking hypothesis (SBH) predicts that if two languages are distinguishable in terms of two similar but non-identical structures (or word orders), cross-language priming between these two structures will be robust (Hartsuiker, 2021). Code-switching is another evidence of grammatical integration during production. Recently, a formal approach to bilingual grammar is proposed to account for the empirical data of code-switching under the framework of Minimalism Distributed Morphology (López, 2020). From a language comprehension perspective, some EEG studies on phrase-level processing have indicated that bilinguals tend to not inhibit ungrammatical structure in one language of theirs when it is grammatical in the other (e.g. Sanoudaki & Thierry, 2014). This is argued as evidence of co-activation of two grammars during processing. However, little research has been done to test the shared syntactic representation (of L1 and L2) at the sentence-comprehension level (but see Luque et al., 2018). The current study will explore this aspect by testing the grammatical co-activation of balanced English-French bilinguals while processing adverb placement in a self-regulated reading paradigm. In the literature on bilingual and L2 speakers there are controversial findings through grammatical competence tasks of investigating whether transfer or interference of adverb placement rules happens from one language to the other (Camacho & Kirova, 2018; White, 1990, 1991; Yuan, 2001). This could be due to the various language backgrounds of the participants in these studies. The Critical Period Hypothesis suggests that age of acquisition is the most critical factor for ultimate language attainment (Johnson & Newport, 1989, 1991; Lenneberg, 1967). In some particular environments where two languages are spoken at a similar dominant level, such as the Ottawa-Gatineau area in Canada, AoI and MoA have been suggested crucial for the organization of the mental lexicon of bilingual speakers (Sabourin et al., 2014). To investigate these issues, we ask three research questions: 1) Is there an integration effect during adverb placement processing for balanced English-French bilinguals? 2) How does AoI correlate with the integration effect? 3) Will MoA play a role in this process? To address these questions, we will collect some preliminary data from an online grammatical maze task (Witzel et al., 2012) which will be conducted to compare the processing patterns between two counterbalanced conditions (i.e., English vs. French word order of adverb placement) in English. Specific processing patterns will be elicited to investigate the correlation between the language background and the effect of syntactic integration.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,009 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,008 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,012 | 0,005 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,053 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».