Euphoria inda

Euphoria inda (L., 1758) (Appendix 4: Fig. 54) Scarabaeus indus Linnaeus 1758: 352. Original combination. Holotype at UUZM, examined. Cetonia marilandica von Frölich 1792: 116. Type not located. Cetonia barbata Say 1824: 239. Synonym. Type not located. Cetonia brunnea Gory and Percheron 1833: 63. Synonym. Type not located. Euphoria inda var. nigripennis Klages 1894: 198. Synonym. Type at CUIC, not examined. Goraqua smithsana Péringuey 1907: 358. Synonym. Holotype at Iziko Museum of Cape Town (formerly South African Museum), not examined. Euphoria rufobrunnea Casey 1915: 309. Synonym. Lectotype at USNM designated by Hardy (2001), examined. Nineteen paralectotypes at UNSM, one examined. Description (n = 2,201). Length 11.5–16.1 mm; width 6.9–9.6 mm. Color: Surface tomentous or shiny, pronotum black or with a complex pattern of black and yellowish-brown markings. Elytra yellowish brown with small to moderate, black, markings; markings abundant to scarce. Melanistic forms observed. Head: Frons densely punctate or strigose; punctures moderate in size, round, frequently confluent; surface rarely with 1 central depression or 2 longitudinal depressions separated by a weak, longitudinal ridge; densely setose; setae, long, yellowish. Clypeus subquadrate, punctate, strigose, or strigopunctate; punctures as on frons; sparsely to densely setose; setae moderate to long, yellowish; lateral margins weakly to moderately raised, subparallel to subparabolic, apex weakly reflexed in both sexes, truncate in dorsal view, vaguely sinuate in frontal view. Labium thickened anteriorly. Antennal club longer than stem in males, shorter in females. Pronotum: Surface moderately densely to densely punctate; punctures lunulate, moderate in size at middle, denser and larger towards sides, densely setose; setae moderate to long, yellowish, distributed in irregular patches. Midline, pronotal base, and irregularly shaped areas on each side of midline impunctate and glabrous. Base in front of scutellum weakly to strongly emarginate. Scutellum impunctate, glabrous, longer than wide, apex pointed. Elytra: Surface sparsely to moderately densely punctate; punctures lunulate to irregular in shape, small to moderate in size, distributed in 2–3 rows on striae. Glabrous to moderately densely setose; setae short, yellowish. Costae weakly to moderately raised. Posterior half of sutural costa elevated. Pygidium: Surface frequently with irregular depressions, subconcentrically striate; striae weakly to moderately impressed, discontinuous, densely setose; setae short to moderate in size, yellowish. Legs: Basal and medial protibial teeth frequently closer to each other than to apical tooth, basal tooth occasionally subobsolete in males. Mesotibial carina strongly developed into 1–2 sharp teeth; metatibiae slightly expanded apically; metatibial spurs subequal in form in both sexes. Metatarsi weakly flattened. Venter: Mesometasternal process weakly to strongly compressed, extending anteriorly to the same level of mesocoxae or slightly beyond, glabrous on mesosternal lobe, glabrous to densely setose at suture. Mesepimera, metasternum, and metacoxae setose, setae as on legs. Metasternum rugose, setose laterally, glabrous to sparsely setose. Median sulcus weakly to moderately impressed. Abdomen flat in lateral view in males, moderately to strongly convex in females. Male genitalia: Parameres as in Fig. 54c. Diagnosis. Euphoria inda is separated from E. hirtipes by the entire body not densely setose, antennal club longer than stem in males, shorter in females, slender protibiae, absence of a setose fringe on the metatibiae, and surface frequently with irregular depressions. Taxonomic History. Euphoria inda was the first species of Cetoniini described from the Americas. Subsequently, intraspecific variation resulted in this species being described many times, all of which are now considered synonyms (i. e., von Frölich 1792; Say 1824; Gory and Percheron 1833; Klages 1894). Burmeister synonymized C. barbata, C. brunnea, and C. marilandica with E. inda. Goraqua smithsana was described by Péringuey (1907) based on a female specimen of E. inda mislabeled as from Cape Colony, South Africa (Holm 1989). Casey (1915), based on specimens from New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Washington, described E. rufobrunnea. According to Casey, E. rufobrunnea was different from E. inda by being of a larger size, having an entirely black pronotum, and larger protibial teeth. Casey (1915) also described E. inda nigripennis. Hardy (2001) synonymized both of Casey’ s (1915) names with E. inda. Natural History. Euphoria inda has been collected on Asclepias speciosa Torr., Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.), E. nauseosa, H. annus, Solidago sp., Dahlia sp. (Asteraceae), Castanea dentata (Marsh.), and Quercus sp. Adults have also been found boring in Syringa sp. (Oleaceae), buried in the soil among roots of Piper nigrum (L.) (Piperaceae), under wood pieces on a stump of Acer sacharum Marsh., and under dry cow dung. Adults have been observed feeding on sap from wounds gouged in sunflower stalks (Diana Pilson, in litt.), rotten apples, ripe peaches, rotten cotton balls, corn, tomatoes, overripe figs, and watermelons. One specimen was collected from the hair of Procyon lotor (L.) (Carnivora: Procyonidae), and some have been collected from Formica sp. nests. Adults are occasionally attracted in large numbers to Lindgren funnel traps baited with a variety of lures, including ethanol and scolytine and bostrichid pheromones in eastern Montana (Michael Ivie, in litt.). Specimens were also occasionally collected in unbaited pitfall traps. Lago et al. (1979) and Paulsen (2002) observed adults in the nests of F. obscuripes. In Wisconsin, adults were collected in flight intercept traps, baited pitfall traps, pocket gopher mounds, and flying over sandy areas (Kriska and Young 2002). Both adults and larvae were observed in the vicinity of Formica sp. thatch ant nests (Ratcliffe 1976; Kriska and Young 2002). Ratcliffe (1991) reported the species feeding en masse on Hibiscus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae). Euphoria inda has been collected in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, scrub forest, pine/hardwood forest, and sandy soils. Larvae are known to pupate in June–July. Adults emerge shortly thereafter and are active until temperatures drop in the fall. During the winter, the adults become inactive and possibly burrow in the soil. Adults are rarely found on warm days in the middle of the winter. With rising temperatures the following spring, adults become active again and oviposit (Blatchley 1910; Hayes 1925; Lago et al. 1979; Ritcher 1966; Ratcliffe and Paulsen 2008). Larvae have been recorded in organic debris at the edges of haystacks, compost piles, manure (Ritcher 1966), grass clippings (Kohlmann 1979), rotten wood (Blatchley 1910), and Formica sp. nests (Schwarz 1890; Wheeler 1910; Ratcliffe 1976). Temporal Distribution. January (3), February (2), March (57), April (239), May (212), June (52), July (140), August (310), September (391), October (53), December (1) (Fig. 54f). Geographic Distribution. Known from Mexico, throughout most of the United States to Canada (Fig. 54g). McNamara (1991) recorded the species in Canada from the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, and Saskatchewan. Morón et al. (1997) recorded the species from Chihuahua, Colima, Estado de México, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Sinaloa, and Veracruz, Mexico. Specimens Examined (2,201). Type material: Scarabaeus indus Linnaeus, 1758; holotype male at UUZM labeled “indica./ mus. Reg. p. 87./ mus. Guff. Ad.[?]// indus/ typus// Lectotypus/ Scarab./ Indus L./ design./ BOL-56”. (The label data from this specimen indicates it is a lectotype. Nevertheless, I was unable to find a published designation and therefore treat this specimen as the holotype). Euphoria rufobrunnea Casey, 1915; lectotype male at USNM labeled “Ft. Wingate/ N. Mex// CASEY/ bequest/ 1925// rufobrunnea. 20/ PARATYPE USNM/ 48674// LECTOTYPE / Euphoria / rufobrunnea Csy / by A.R./ Hardy 1978”; paralectotype female at USNM labeled “N.M.// CASEY/ bequest/ 1925// TYPE USNM/ 48674// rufobrunnea/ Csy// PARALECTOTYPE / Euphoria / rufobrunnea Csy ”. Other material: CANADA (5): ONTARIO: Port Hope (2), Toronto (2), no data (1). MEXICO (66): DISTRITO FEDERAL: Ciudad de México (24); DURANGO: Cerro Gordo (1), Durango (8), El Yaquil (2); JALISCO: Ajijíc (15), Guadalajara (1); HIDALGO: Pachuca (3), Zimapán (1); NUEVO LEÓN: La Rosita (1); SONORA. Nogales (1); NO DATA: (9). USA (2,127): ALABAMA. Baldwin Co.: Daphne (1); Jefferson Co.: Birmingham (1), Monte Sano (1); Madison Co.: Huntsville (1); St. Clair Co.: Springville (1). ARIZONA. Apache Co.: Ganado (3), White Mountains (2); Cochise Co.: Cave Creek Canyon (1), Chiricahua Mountains (3), Portal (7); Coconino Co.: Grand Canyon National Park (2); Gila Co.: Globe (15), Pinal Mountains (4), Sierra Ancha Mountains (1); Greenle Co.: South Fork (11); Navajo Co.: Heber (1), Winslow (1); Santa Cruz Co.: Nogales (1); Yavapai Co.: Cherry (1), Prescott (5), Sedona (2); No data: (1). ARKANSAS. Lawrence Co.: Imboden (2); Sharp Co.: Highland (1); Washington Co.: Fayetteville (2), no data (1). CALIFORNIA. Modoc Co.: No data (8). COLORADO. Boulder Co.: Boulder (4), no data (4); Cheyenne Co.: Cheyenne (1); Custer Co.: Wetmore (3); Denver Co.: Denver (5); Douglas Co.: Cherry Creek (1); El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs (1); Garfield Co.: Glenwood Springs (4); Jeff Co.: Bear Creek Park (2); Jefferson Co.: Edgewater (1), no data (1); Larimer Co.: Fort Collins (2); Las Animas Co.: Trinidad (1); Mesa Co.: Palisade (1); Otero Co.: La Junta (1); Saguache Co.: Great Sand Dunes National Monument (2); San Juan Co.: Silverton (7); Yuma Co.: Wray (7). CONNECTICUT. Fairfield Co.: Stamford (1); Litchfield Co.: Canaan (1); Middlesex Co.: Cromwell (1); New Haven Co.: West Rock Park (1); New London Co.: Lyme (1). DELAWARE. New Castle Co.: Newa

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