Glycerol, the Co-Product of Biodiesel: One Key for the Future Bio-Refinery
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The uncertainty of supply and prices of oil and the difficulty to establishing a sustainable model of economic and environmental development are weaknesses in the economies that depend entirely on fossil fuels, as in the most industrialized countries.In addition, the chemical industry uses about 15% of total oil consumption, 10% as raw material and 5% as fuel, being this industry still largely based on non-renewable raw materials, whose use does not control.Accordingly, from 1990 has been increasing interest in finding alternative sources of raw materials, emerging as obvious one the biomass, because it is an abundant, sustainable, and renewable energy-primary resource that can provide transport fuel, organic chemicals, and materials currently produced by fossil sources [Fulton, 2004].In the past few years, research and technological projects related to the use of biomass as raw material to produce energy and industrial products are receiving support in countries like U.S.A., Germany, and Canada [Archambault, 2004;Werpy and Petersen, 2004;Oertel, 2007].The use of biomass as raw material implies its transformation into chemicals and materials of commercial interest.It means moving from a petroleum-based economy to a biomassbased one; some potential advantages associated with this transition are: exploiting of unused productive capacity in agriculture and forest industry, developing new materials not available from petrochemical sources, revitalizing rural economies through local production and processing of renewable raw material sources, a more balanced development between urban and rural areas, economically sustainable development and environmental sustainability easier to achieve by using renewable raw materials, a decrease in net CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere, and a reduced outside dependence on both energy and raw material sources.In this context and by similarity with the refinery, which is the base industrial unit of petro-economy, emerges the concept of "Biorefinery", which is the production facility in which biomass is transformed into energy and bioproducts.Bio-compounds, those ones produced from renewable sources, have a growing importance among the transport fuels.The EU imposed a 2% content of biocompounds into transport fuels by the end of 2005, increasing to 5.75% by the end of 2010 [EU Directive 2001/0265].Transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol produces biodiesel, which is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acid [Ali et al., 1995;Peterson et al., 1996;Vicente and Martínez, 2004].This process generates glycerol as by-product, approximately 10 wt.% of total product.In this context, Province of Santa Fe in Argentine produces more than 2,500,000 tons of www.intechopen.com
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».