Bench-Breakers? Women Judges in Prairie Canada 1916 - 1980
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Between 1916 and 1980 a small number of women magistrates and judges adjudicated in courtrooms across the Prairie Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Often they worked in “family court,” through its historic incarnations including juvenile courts, women’s courts, and domestic relations tribunals. The first of these women, practicing between 1916 and 1935, included magistrates Emily Murphy and Alice Jamieson in Alberta, and judge Jean Ethel MacLachlan in Saskatchewan. None of these women held law degrees or membership within the legal profession, but all three had a “motherly outlook.” Murphy and Jamieson’s expertise was derived from their leading roles in influential women’s organizations and connections to the suffrage and dower campaigns. MacLachlan’s authority developed from her remunerated work with the Children’s Aid Society, and she received significant support from the Regina Local Council of Women. They worked within quasi-judicial courts, associated with volunteer-based social welfare initiatives, appended on to, rather than integrated into, existing established legal institutions. During the 1930s, these Prairie women magistrates and judges lost their positions in the midst of economic and professional rearrangements. In the meanwhile, a vibrant women’s legal culture, assisted by developments in legal education and professionalism, emerged to provide the basis for a rebirth of women judges in the 1950s. The next cohort of Prairie women judges was appointed to the bench beginning in 1957 with Nellie McNichol Sanders. In common with their early-twentieth century precursors, the media often positioned women judges as “role mothers” by highlighting their maternal, rather than professional, suitability for the courtroom even though all women judges held law degrees and were members of provincial law societies. Illustrative of continued connections with the volunteer sector, these women judges pursued human rights and advocated the re-dressing of inequitable laws and customs for children, women, and other vulnerable groups including Aboriginal persons. At the same time, women judges’ individual perspectives suggest discord with the egalitarian goals of the late 1960s and early 1970s women’s movement, and reveal that not all women judges were feminist actors. In the final analysis, this dissertation uses an unconventional timeline to argue that Prairie women judges were part of a broader movement of change associated with continuities and changes in the women’s movement and in legal professionalism. Women judges worked within the prescriptions imposed by their times, contemporary legal codes, and society’s expectation of family courts. Their public work in the Prairie Provinces reveals that legal and social change was influenced by local, national, and international influences; change did not move uniformly from Ontario to the West.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,026 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».