Steam drive: Its extension to thin oil sands and reservoirs containing residual saturation of high gravity crude
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The steam drive process has been extensively used in the recovery of moderately viscous crude oils in California, Venezuela and Canada. This study was conducted to scrutinize the application of the steam drive process for two other reservoir conditions which have not been considered attractive in the past. ? The earliest analytical studies of the steam drive process conceived of the steam drive to create a steam chest which frontally displaces the reservoir fluid. As a result of this assumed mechanism, a marked effect of reservoir thickness was predicted. However, the results of many field operations have revealed a surprising insensitivity of the oil/steam ratio (the energy balance of the process) to the reservoir thickness. This, together with the repeated observations in field operations that the steam overrides the oil column, has led to the hypothesis that the mechanism by which the steam drive works is different than that originally proposed. ? This study, as well as previously published studies with vacuum scaled physical models, show that the steam drive is a two-fold process. The overriding or channeling of the steam results in the heating of the oil at the interface between the oil column and the steam zone, and the heated oil is then displaced by a gas (steam) drive. It would follow from such a mechanism that thickness would have only a minor effect on the resulting oil/steam ratio. The scaled physical modeling described in this work has confirmed this hypothesis. ? The results obtained in this study confirm the results of an earlier study which showed the efficiency of the steam drive to be dependent on a fractional power of the reciprocal of the viscosity of the crude oil at steam temperature. It was therefore hypothesized that the oil/steam ratio would become very high if the steam drive was applied to a reservoir containing a high gravity, low viscosity crude. Contrary to earlier suggestions by other authors for the use of the steam drive for recovering high gravity crudes, this study shows that the efficiency of steam drive in such a process is not related to the volatility of the high gravity crude, but merely depends upon a high steam injection rate to efficiently displace the crude to a low residual saturation, while reducing the thermal losses from the reservoir. ? The scaled model studies reported here show that a high rate steam drive is extremely efficient in reservoirs containing low viscosity fluids. Favorable oil/steam ratios may be achieved in numerous water-flooded reservoirs containing residual saturations of high gravity crudes. ? This work has not explored the economic feasibility of implementing these novel uses for the steam drive
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».