Principles of Concrete Telecom Towers Design

In the modern world, Mass media plays a significant role in the exchange of thoughts, ideas, and opinions of individuals in society, which in turn leads to the development and progress of human culture and civilization. The effects of Mass media may include political, social, psychological, and economic aspects. It can also have a profound effect on the beliefs, thoughts, tastes, values, or even shaping the appearance of individuals. In basic terms, mass media is broadcast, written, or spoken communication that reaches a large audience via mass communication. Among different media, television has a special charm and an irreplaceable role in communicating with its audience, which covers almost all age groups. Television programs can be assessed and evaluated in terms of their social effects, educational facilities, cultural or commercial advertising, health, and psychological effects. In terms of its social impact, previous research has shown that individuals suffering from social isolation can employ television to build parasocial relationships with TV performers, and in this way overcome their feelings of loneliness and social exclusion. Viewers and listeners come to consider media personalities as friends, despite having limited interactions with them. Jaye Derrick and Shira Gabriel of the University of Buffalo, and Kurt Hugenberg of the University of Miami found that when an individual is unable to participate actively in interactions with real people, they feel less alone while watching their favourite TV show. They refer to this finding as the “social surrogacy” hypothesis. Therefore, if you do not have access to social relationships, watching TV can help alleviate feelings of depression and loneliness. It can neutralise the psychological damage caused by this social isolation. With the technological developments within the last few decades, the scope of operation and efficiency of TV broadcasting has been increased daily. The facility of global coverage of transmitters has been enhanced using telecom satellites. It is also essential to build ground transmitter antennas and construct metal and concrete towers & masts to install antennas that transmit waves to the conventional receivers. Given the huge role of these extraordinary structures, it is necessary to provide a clear picture of the telecom towers in the world. This book allows architects and design engineers to understand these huge and unique structures. The most important goal of this book is to provide design criteria to the architects, the structural, telecom, and geotechnical engineers, as well as other specialists involved in such projects. It should be noted that this book has focused on the study of concrete telecom towers with a height ranging from 200 metres and above. We all know that the design of a concrete telecom structure is the result of a complex process in which the elements interact with each other, and several factors affect it. The design of telecom towers is the result of the work of a huge team of designers, consultants, and constructors. It is interesting to note that in the case of the Toronto TV Tower in Canada, one of the tallest concrete telecom towers in the world with a height of 553.33 metres, a team of 1537 architects, engineers, contractors, and other people worked without interruption for 40 months. Along with strong design teams, we must acknowledge the huge role of concrete tower construction companies, which have an undeniable impact on the construction process of these remarkable structures. The present book consists of 7 chapters. The technical equipment is the subject of Chapter 1. This chapter covers the evolution of communication technology, antenna systems, antenna parameters, as well as technical information that should be considered in the design of telecom towers. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the structural design of the towers. This chapter is one of the most important and effective parts of this book. In this chapter, the structural aspects of high-rise buildings in general and more specifically telecom towers have been addressed. A comparison of 42 existing concrete telecom towers above 200 metres in height has been made, and, finally, the structures of the towers have been analysed and classified. In Chapter 3, we briefly discuss construction technology, including slip forming and jump forming techniques. Architectural design features are discussed in Chapter 4. This is another important part of the book that has explained the effects of tall buildings on their surroundings. General information and images related to telecom towers, with a height of 200 metres and above, have been summarised. The architecture of the world-famous telecom towers and the architectural ideas used in designing and constructing them have been examined. Furthermore, the details, plans, and longitudinal sections of the 15 world-famous concrete telecom towers have been discussed extensively. Chapter 5 focuses on electrical and mechanical systems. This chapter briefly describes heating and cooling systems, water and sewage systems, elevators, and fire and safety systems. Chapter 6 is devoted to the maintenance and inspection of steel structures, and the repair and maintenance of antennas and feeders. Chapter 7, the final chapter, contains the appendices and the bibliography. A list of the references and resources used has been included. The list of existing telecom towers and masts with a height of 350 metres and above has been classified according to the type of their structures, in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 lists the images and tables used in the book. The types of structural systems for tall buildings are briefly examined in Appendix 3. The 481-page book ‘Principles of Concrete Telecom Towers Design’ is in Persian. It is my hope that this book will serve as a comprehensive design guide for practicing architects and engineers.

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