A hazard-based approach to designing with modern refrigerant gases for naval ships
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer and EU Regulation 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases limit the continued use of R134a and other commonly used refrigerants in domestic and industrial applications, including the marine sector. Many navies have also committed to comply with the legislation even though they are often exempted. The legislation is driving the use of alternative refrigerants that have higher flammability or toxicity characteristics than those previously used. The introduction of these alternative refrigerants potentially introduces new hazards that must be considered in systems design. This is especially pertinent in naval vessels which typically have large equipment cooling requirements compared to similar size commercial ships, furthermore the equipment is often located in densely-packed machinery spaces, and with a higher crew occupancy. Naval vessels also face additional operational risks and have a greater requirement to maintain capability in the event of an incident or accident.\nStandards and guidance documents are available for designing with refrigerants of these alternative types, however these are not tailored to a naval application, and do not consider the context of the system and operational constraints, so may result in an increase in cost and weight to the ship design that is disproportional to the perceived risk. This paper reviews the current literature and standards to understand the properties of the refrigerants, the safety controls that can be employed and in what context they are used. The individual hazards associated with the different classes of refrigerant are identified and possible mitigations for each are investigated with reference to the naval context.\nThese findings are used to define a hazard-based approach to systemdesign. The method is compared to current standards to demonstrate the impact on the design. It is found that the hazard based approach results in different controls being incorporated in the design than would be used following the requirements from international standards or classification society rules. The proposed approach is recommended for consideration for future naval ship designs and included in classification society rules.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».