Determination of the Profile of New Psychoactive Substances Among Users from the Homeless Population: A Mixed-Methods Approach.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) among the homeless population has been highlighted as a growing concern in the recent years. NPS have plagued the homeless population in recent years creating a number of associated economic and social issues. The majority of previous research have focused on using either qualitative or quantitative techniques; however, few studies have used mixed-methods approach. Therefore, this thesis has complemented the gap in previous research by using a mixed method approach to determine the profile of NPS among the homeless population. \n \nTwo quantitative studies, including a systematic review and semi-structured questionnaire that enabled to understand the prevalence of NPS in the UK and worldwide, were conducted. Additionally, one qualitative study was performed and comprised Twitter analysis that confirmed NPS encountered among the homeless and their effects from the views of the public and service providers. The aforementioned three studies determined NPS used among the homeless population and flagged the impurities in them. NPS and impurities were further confirmed by chemical analysis conducted using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. \n \nSubstantial information obtained in this thesis, not reported in previous literature, demonstrated the potential for mixed-method approach in giving a greater insight into experience of NPS among the homeless. The systematic review highlighted the surge in synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) among the homeless in the UK, USA and Canada that occurred after 2016; whereas alcohol, cocaine and heroin had been more prevalent prior to 2016. Continued SCRAs use contributed to long-term adverse events especially anxiety, depression and psychosis. In this respect, the findings of the questionnaire confirmed the latter findings related to SCRAs use in the homeless population. Homeless in the UK reported short and long-term adverse events linked to SCRAs use that were readily accessible to them but not always as pure substances. Hence, they had access to SCRAs in different matrices including herbal, e-liquids and paper. The variable effects experienced upon SCRAs use further flagged their unknown purity. This was further explored in the Twitter study that reported variable effects experienced to drugs in different geographical area. Subsequently, the spectroscopic chapters identified the different concentrations of SCRAs impregnated into paper matrices. \n \nIn summary, the findings from this thesis contributed to the scientific literature by informing policy makers, law enforcement, medical practitioners and homeless service providers about the profile of NPS use among the homeless population.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».