The effectiveness of the Swiss and Canadian antibiotic distribution system compared
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The aim of research paper was to explore the current antibiotic distribution system in Switzerland, as well as all the important players of this complex industry. In order to better understand how this industry functions. It is important to get a big picture by understanding the implication of pharmaceutical companies, health insurance companies, hospitals, doctors, pharmacies and drugstores, and finally the role of the government and other higher instances. The pharmaceutical world is a highly regulated and complex environment and to better understand how the pharmaceutical industry functions, it was important to understand the regulations and guidelines to follow. Furthermore, Canada was use throughout this paper as a comparison. The aim was to understand the Canadian key players, how their system functions. The global health care market was an estimated worth of more than US$ 8’452 billion in 2018 and is dominated by few key players such as Novartis, Roche, Pfizer (Businesswire 2019; Mikulic 2020). These key players are responsible for medication supply throughout the world, including antibiotics. Antibiotics have revolutionized society, when discovered in the early 20s, by Alexander Fleming. They have since helped fight several deadly infections. Antibiotics were a great contribution to the medical world; however, bacteria have, over the years, started to show resistance to certain antibiotic treatment. Scientifics and medical professionals are raising alarm bells to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The Swiss antibiotic distribution system is highly regulated and conducted in two different ways. One part of Switzerland dispenses antibiotics solely through doctors, the other part only through pharmacies, whereas 2 cantons are exceptions, and have a dual distribution system. Furthermore, an estimate 30 percent of total medication is wasted yearly in Switzerland (Tornare 2017). The Swiss health sector is seeing its prices and costs rise year over year and inefficiency arise. Politicians try to address the inefficiency problem, but their means are only limited. This paper intends to give a clear overview of the complex Swiss health care system. It will also compare the Swiss health care system and its key stakeholders with Canada to understand what is done differently and where there could be improvements. A combination of primary and secondary data will be used to address the effectiveness of the Swiss and Canadian antibiotics distribution system.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,026 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,008 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,018 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».