New Flyer Industries Bus Door Air Curtain Design and Analysis
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This project explores the design and analysis of an air curtain to be used in New Flyer’s electric bus. New Flyer is a leading bus manufacturer in North America and is working towards increasing the efficiency of the Xcelsior Charge line of electric buses. New Flyer identified the door as a major energy loss source during passenger ingress and egress. An air curtain is proposed in the report to reduce energy loss through the door. The proposed design forms an air boundary separating the outside atmosphere from the bus cabin atmosphere to reduce heat transfer through the door boundary when the doors are open. The team had the task to develop a solution to reduce heat transfer through the door. The design is required to meet industry standards outlined by the American Public Transport Agency (APTA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Although no specific project budget was set, cost was minimized where possible and influenced design decisions. The final design was to be submitted to the client as a CAD model along with the results of the analysis obtained. The submission to the client also included Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for designing, manufacturing, and installation of the air curtain. In addition, future recommendations concerning both the design and analysis are included in the report. STAR-CCM+ was utilized to perform a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis of the air curtain design. Initial analysis of the air curtain did not show promising results, and hence, three more studies were performed to explore the air curtain performance. Simulation data showed increased heat transfer rates for the door equipped with the air curtain; however, it was demonstrated that the air curtain was successful in creating a barrier to separate internal and external air. Due to the lack of HVAC return in the simplified CFD model, the air leaving the air curtain plenum was exiting the bus at an increasing rate. With optimization of the HVAC return, nozzle position, angle, and cross-sectional area, the observed rate of heat transfer through the door would improve. This report includes the steps taken to design and perform CFD analysis on the air curtain, along with the challenges encountered by the team. Additionally, base case CFD analysis (without the air curtain) was performed to compare the results with the air curtain analysis to help understand the value added. The final design proposed to the client is a dual-fan-operated air curtain. Centrifugal fans used in the air curtain are operated using 24VDC with a power rating of 175.2W each to produce 2200 CFM combined. A distinct feature of the design is its compact geometry which takes up less space and requires fewer changes to the baseplate. The geometry design quickly spreads the flow along the length of the door as the fans are activated to form an air door when the bus door is opened. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) used for the design makes it highly impact-resistant, allowing it to meet the durability requirements for the transit bus application. The energy consumption of the fans used is 0.741 kWh for one day of operation, which is significantly lower than the average energy consumption by the HVAC system used to heat and cool the bus with an average daily consumption of 70.57 kWh in Winnipeg. The total cost for producing a prototype for testing is approximately $4480, which includes the adjustments to the CAD modeling, rework instruction for the prototype air curtain, rapid prototyping, and installation covering both mechanical and electrical work involved. The cost rises up to $16000 for a detailed production-ready design for implementation in the bus.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,011 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».