Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The term documentary to describe a particular class of non-fiction film comes into general use in English by the early 1930s, but films having the characteristics of what would come to be regarded as documentaries pre-existed the application of the word.The concept of the photograph as a document in the sense of the image being accurate and faithful evidence of what is before the cameras lens dates from the outset of the introduction of the technology in the 1840s.With the coming of cinematography, the cameras capacity to capture the real was its initial selling point and, although, the cinema was soon captured for fiction, coverage of news events, actualities (as the French termed them), continued.Films of travel travelogues (from 1908) or documentaires romancs and the first ethnographic film appeared (1911), as did scientific movies both popular (Cheese Mites, 1903, Charles Urban) and scholarly (Mechanics of the Brain, 1926, Vesvolod Pudovkins footage shot in Pavlovs lab).Governments were quick to see films value as propaganda (Urbans Battle of the Somme, 1916); so were charities (Save the Childrens Russian Famine, 1921).European artists, such as the painter Fernand Lger, experimented with the manipulation of images of the everyday often in a non-narrative form (Ballet mechanique, 1924).Overall, though, non-fiction film was resistant to the growing sophistication of the fictional cinemas narrative techniques.Documentary came to describe a specific non-fiction cinema that melded the cameras ability to document the world with fictions compelling narratives, but without so manipulating the original material that its claim on the real would become attenuate.Edward Curtis In the Land of the Headhunters (1914), for instance, combined non-actors (aka real people), authentic settings and costumes (albeit in Curtis established still-photographic style of recreations of the immediate past) with a fictional story that had no relationship with the Kwakiutl culture he was supposedly recording.He saw the work, nevertheless, as documenting, in some sense or another, Native American reality (Holm and Quimby, 1980).Robert Flaherty, a prospector filming in the Canadian Artic, failed in his earliest attempts to move beyond what he described as a scene of this and a a scene of that.no story (Christopher, 2005:322); but Headhunters showed him how.In 1920/21, with specialised technology (hand-cranked Akeley cameras specifically designed for use in the wild), Flaherty filmed a dramatic 20 year-old true Inuit story of survival.He cast a trapper, Allakarialuk, renamed for the film Nanook, as the hero of his reconstruction of this tale.Leaving Curtis fictional story-telling behind, Flahertys breakthrough was to
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».