The authenticity of electronic document in Islamic Law and Malaysian Law of Evidence
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
With the advancement of technology, the ways human communicates and interacts with each other have changed exponentially, where face to face or physical meetings and contacts can now be replaced with google meet, emails, video conferencing, digital signature etc. in ensuring that the proposed or intendedaffairs are successfully done but is no less efficient, time and cost saving. As the conversation took place through digital platform, it is automatically recorded in binary format, and the electronic evidence is usually automatically generated, recorded and stored. As dispute sometimes could not be avoided, the parties involved could turn to this electronic document to prove their facts in addition to document in traditional format. The fact or facts contained in such document to be adduced in evidence must be legally relevant, primary evidence and authentic as required by the Malaysian Evidence Act 1950 (Act 56). Islamic Law of Evidence too requires the fact presented as evidence in the form of document has to be authentic. The truth of its contents is a separate matter that need to be proven. However, due the nature of electronic evidence being relatively fragile, easily altered and manipulated, countries like Canada, India, and Singapore, have adopted in their Evidence Act, authentication provisions which is unwittingly consistent with the principles of Islamic Law of Evidence. This research is a qualitative research which used data collection and data analysis including library research and semi-structured interview. The finding of this research established that both common law and Islamic law requires that to adduce a document, its authenticity is one of the conditions of admissibility. Countries following common law has even gone further to insert newer authentication provisions in their law of evidence to accommodate the reception of electronic evidence or computer-generated document driven by newer technology. It is proposed that the Malaysian Evidence Act 1950 continues to be updated to keep pace with electronic document or computer-generated document driven by newer technology. However, there must also be provisions to ensure that the authenticity of electronic document must be supported by evidence capable of supporting a finding that the electronic document is that which it is purported to be. This technology driven document is also known as digital document, electronic document or computer-generated document.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».