Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity in Young People Today
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This paper provides information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods of adolescent obesity in the modern era. In the modern world, more people die from the consequences of overweight and obesity than from the consequences of underweight (official website of the World Health Organization) [1]. The global obesity epidemic continues to gain momentum, currently affecting more than two billion people -about a quarter of the world's population. In 2017, the Global Burden of Disease Group stated: "Since 1980, the number of people with obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and is steadily increasing in all remaining countries" [2]. UNICEF reported in 2017 that over the past 15 years, there has been no progress in reducing the number of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity [3]. According to leading experts in this field, if the trend of the 2000s continues, the likelihood of achieving the goal of halving the total number of obese people by 2025 is close to zero [4]. It is safe to say that humanity is currently losing the war on obesity. Russian and international databases were used to search for articles: RSCI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar. The search was conducted using the keywords: obesity, globesity, normal-weight obesity, BMI, obesity, obesity epidemic, hidden obesity, BMI. The analysis included original studies and review articles published since 2018 to 2023 in English or Russian. Only full-text versions of articles were used. In 1988, the WHO reported on the problem of obesity as a global phenomenon, and for the first time, the conclusion about the obesity epidemic in the world was voiced [3]. Since then, the term "obesity epidemic or pandemic" has firmly entered into scientific circulation, reports of official bodies and the media. However, it is unclear whether the word "epidemic" defines what we observe in the modern human population. An epidemic begins with an outbreak of a disease, passes a peak, then there is a decline, and eventually it ends, as all susceptible individuals either recover or die. Instead of a sharp outbreak of the "disease" of obesity, we observe a constant and steady increase in the proportion of people with a high body mass index (BMI). Historical evidence from epidemiological studies allows us to conclude that the increase in BMI in the human population has been occurring over the past 300 years. American economist Robert Fogel has studied the relationship between body size and labor productivity since the early 18th century [12]. Using data on the length and weight of residents of the most economically developed countries (Scandinavian countries, France, Great Britain) from 1705 to 1975, Fogel showed that in 1705 the average BMI in these populations was 19 kg/m2, which is below the WHO recommended ideal BMI value of 22 kg/m2. Over the next three centuries, BMI gradually increased, reflecting the increase in average population values of length and weight, and by 1975 it was 25 kg/m2. After reaching the upper limit of normal values, BMI in many developed countries continued to increase and by 2014 in the United States it was 27.8 kg/m2. It is suggested that the observed increase in BMI is not an epidemic, but a natural result of biological processes to increase body size in order to protect against hunger and improve efficiency in various conflicts, including military ones. Simultaneously with the continuing weight gain, a slowdown or complete stop in the increase in body length in modern humans is recorded
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».