Effect of genotype, growing environment, and fertilization treatment on free asparagine concentration in western Canadian wheat
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Maillard reaction, that involves a free amino acid – asparagine (ASN), as its main precursor, results in the formation of acrylamide in bakery products, such as bread. Acrylamide is known as a neurotoxin and a class 2A carcinogen to humans. Therefore, it is critical to understand how free ASN concentration in western Canadian wheat is influenced by wheat genotype, growing environment, and agronomic practices. Such an understanding allows strategies for controlling acrylamide in bread to be proposed. It is also important that quantification of free ASN for both research and industry occurs, and so a rapid test that allows accurate quantification of free ASN concentration becomes necessary. Free ASN concentration in whole-wheat flour was measured using an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a Photodiode Array Detector (PDA). The whole-wheat flour was milled from eight western Canadian wheat genotypes that were grown in three locations over two years, and that were subjected to four agronomic practices (two nitrogen levels combined with two sulfur levels). A rapid enzymatic test for asparagine concentration was validated against two established techniques using whole-wheat flour from a sub-sample set that consisted of all genotypes from all location-years with only one fertilizer treatment. For a preliminary study of bread acrylamide’s relationship to wheat free ASN, six whole-wheat breads made from flour with low, medium, and high concentrations of free ASN were selected. From the free ASN study, it was found that environment, genotype, and their interaction were the main influencing factors on free ASN concentration in wheat, whereas fertilization had a minimal effect (varied 521–557 µg g-1 free ASN in wheat). The new rapid enzymatic test was reliable and user-friendly. A gratifying result was that the acrylamide concentration in the whole-wheat breads made with western Canadian wheat were all below 10 ng g-1. In conclusion, free ASN in Canadian wheat can be controlled with a careful selection of wheat genotype and nitrogen fertilization levels. In addition, the rapid enzymatic method is recommended for simple laboratory environments where free ASN analysis can be conducted at low cost.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».