Optimization of Thermal Comfort on Electric Buses : A Comprehensive Study on Passenger Satisfaction in Stockholm, Sweden
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The transition towards electrification in the bus sector is necessary to achieve the global climate goals and has gained significant traction in recent years. However, there are critical challenges associated with this transition, one of them being the absence of excess heat that traditional combustion engines provided to warm the bus cabin. Consequently, a large portion of the battery’s energy is consumed by the heating system. This thesis aims to address this issue by investigating the optimal indoor bus temperature in relation to thermal comfort and energy efficiency for different outdoor climate conditions. Measurements were conducted in Stockholm city during winter conditions and surveys were administered to passengers in order to assess their thermal comfort for different temperatures. The two methods Predicted Mean Vote (PMV-PPD) and Equivalent temperature (Teq) were used to evaluate thermal comfort and provide a basis for a generalized adapted theoretical model. Previous measurements conducted in Ottawa and Dubai were integrated into the analysis to incorporate different outdoor climate conditions. The results showed that the optimal bus temperature for Stockholm was 17.5 and 19.1°C for outside temperatures of 4 and 8 °C respectively. This indicates that the bus temperature can be lowered in relation to the current standard of 21 degrees. The analysis of Ottawa and Dubai, corresponding to outside temperatures of -14 and 39°C, showed that the optimal temperatures were 16.6 and 23.5 degrees respectively. The potential energy saving from reducing the bus temperature by one degree is 0.36 kWh per kilometer. Moreover, the analysis of time dependency in relation to thermal comfort showed that time has no significant impact on bus trips shorter than 15 minutes. The adapted theoretical model for the PMV-PPD method showed the best results when correlating to actual passenger responses. A sensitivity analysis of the measured parameters showed that fixed values and theoretical correlations could be employed for relative humidity, air velocity, and mean radiant temperature without affecting the output, thus reducing the number of sensors needed for future measurements. The clothing insulation values are highly dependent on geographic location and culture, thus it is not possible to develop an all-encompassing theoretical correlation for the clothing insulation. Further measurements are required in different climatic conditions for a more detailed and accurate analysis.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,010 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».