Refrigerators given cold shoulder : strategies to improve sustainable refrigerator management in Manitoba
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Refrigerators contain significant amounts of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which must be recovered prior to disposal to prevent ozone depletion and climate change. Currently, municipal governments are burdened with appliance management - utilizing practices that encourage recovery of highly valuable resources but neglect recycling less valuable and safely disposing of hazardous components. More progressive strategies have emerged, however, incorporating product lifecycle analysis through end-of-life (EOL) manufacturer involvement and technologies that minimize pollution and increase component recovery. This thesis examined EOL refrigerator management in Manitoba to recommend best practices and sustainable frameworks for management. Objectives included: 1) identifing critical issues in EOL refrigerator management and current waste management policy; 2) identifying gaps in Manitoba's refrigerator management policies, practice and procedure; 3) determining best management frameworks for sustainable management; and 4) recommending feasible management structures for implementation in Manitoba. To achieve these objectives, a number of activities were conducted including a literature review, site tours (Manitoba, UK), consultations with Manitoba Stakeholders, roundtable discussions and distribution of a refrigerator management survey and electronic questionnaires. Manitoba's management system is unsustainable. The largest concern is that most of the ODS in refrigerators is allowed to be released, as regulations requiring its capture are limited to the cooling circuit only and not CFCs in the insulating foam. The insulating foam typically contains two-thirds of the CFCs in refrigerators. Municipalities in Manitoba do not consider safe disposal of these foams, which results in the release of CFCs during the recyling process. Another unsustainable factor is that plastics and other components are not recycled but sent to landfill. Lack of waste management legislation for refrigerators has created over 200 individual municipal management strategies - each with their own criteria for disposal. Residents and municipalities lack proper education and pay as you throw disposal fees has resulted in improper disposals. Appliance resale of old inefficient refrigerators, which are twice the energy consumers of Energy Star models, result in large energy bills to the consumer of several hundred dollars per year. Operating one 20 year-old refrigerator has the carbon dioxide equivalent of running two automobiles for one year. A study tour of refrigerator recycling facilities in the UK and a survey of North American appliance recycling programs provided examples of best management practices (BMPs) form regulatory and voluntary perspectives. Regulations on refrigerator disposal were found to be most effective, as the scope encompasses all units for recycling; targets and standards can be set; most advanced treatment technologies can be utilized; and producers can help with waste management and redesign of sustainable products. To be proactive, refrigerators with high ozone depleting or global warming potential should be discouraged from use and sale and replaced by hydrocarbon technolgy, possibly through eco-rebate incentives. The most effective strategy for Manitoba would be to regulate EOL management through extended producer responsibility (EPR), replacing municipal management approaches with a single strategy, managed and financed by industry producers. Eventually, Manitoba's product stewardship framework must begin to include the principles of EPR for greater...
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».