‘Analytical Chemistry in Near Space: Exploring the Stratosphere, threats to the Ozone Layer, and the Ongoing Challenges to Ozone Recovery’
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Under the international agreement that formed the Montréal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances was phased out, in order to limit their contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Ongoing monitoring is necessary in order to ensure compliance with the Montréal Protocol, to identify and respond to new threats to the ozone layer and verify that the atmospheric abundance of ozone-depleting substances continues to fall. Here I utilise a number of different techniques to investigate ozone-depleting substances, this includes model data but primarily focuses on measurements taken using in-situ sample collection from large balloon flights, high-altitude research aircraft flights, and the novel ‘AirCore’ technique which collected samples using smaller balloons. Firstly, this thesis investigates four comparatively longer-lived CFCs (CFC-13, CFC-114, CFC-114a and CFC-115), and derives (sometimes for the first time) observation-based policy relevant metrics for these under-studied compounds. Model data is used to investigate how changes to stratospheric circulation or chemistry could affect these metrics for these compounds, and a sensitivity study of the model is conducted. Next this thesis explores the feasibility of deriving stratospheric concentrations of seven atmospheric trace gases through sampling via the AirCore technique. These compounds are: PFC-116, HFC-125, CFC-113, CFC-115, methyl chloride, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b. In addition to testing a range of factors in order to refine a set of ‘best practices’ for the technique, the thesis explores the effect of seasonality and location on key metrics (FRFs and ODPs), the rates at which they dissociate in the stratosphere and their potential for ozone depletion. The thesis investigates previously held assumptions regarding how fractional release (the rate at which a compound dissociates in the stratosphere) is calculated and the impact of seasonality and latitude on these. Having explored a number of compounds that are of interest in ozone depletion chemistry, this thesis investigates ways to monitor their impact on the ozone layer, identifying multiple challenges to accurate monitoring and testing solutions to them. Alongside deriving new estimates of policy relevant metrics which are important tools in accurately assessing and combating threats to the ozone layer, and deriving new emissions estimates for some compounds, this thesis has a few overall conclusions. Firstly, that CFC-13 did not have a previous estimate for stratospheric lifetime, but had a total atmospheric lifetime of 650 years, while CFC-115 had a previous stratospheric lifetime estimate of 664. These lifetime estimates are revised here to 315 years and 369 years respectively, and in order to account for current abundance greater emissions are required (and estimated here). Secondly that the assumptions underlying the calculation of fractional release leave a broad margin for uncertainty, with FRFs varying significantly (e.g. ±12 % for CFC-113 and ±19 % for CFC-115) over different seasons and geographical areas. Finally, that in the absence of reliable in-situ data (methods for which this thesis explores), model simulations and lab-based kinetics experiments cannot tell the whole story, which is something this research seeks to address.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».