Canada : a brief outline of her geographical position, productions, climate, capabilities, educational and municipal institutions, fisheries, railroads, &c, &c, &c.

2. If an area be traced in Europe, corresponding generally to that occupied by Canada in America, and the meridian of the most southern part of Canada be supposed to lie upon the meridian of Greenwich, in England ; the south of France, at the base of the Pyrenees, will represent the south frontier of Canada ; the south-eastern boundary of this area will stretch through France, Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria, to a point in the south of Poland, and a line drawn northward to Warsaw will delineate the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.The north-western boundary of this area will extend from the south of France, in a northerly direction, towards and beyond Brest ; and a line drawn from near Brest to the British Channel, thence through England, Belgium, and Germany, to Warsaw again, will establish the position of a European area corres- ponding to Canada in America.The inhabited and highly fertile portion of Canada is represented in this area by those regions which lie in the south, centre, and south-east of France, and in those parts of Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria included within its boundary.The other portion, although of vast extent, and not so well fitted for extended agricultural operations, is highly valuable on account of its timber and minerals.The Province of Canada embraces about 350,000 square miles of ter- ritory, independently of its North-Western possessions, not yet open for settlement ; it is consequently more than one-third larger than France, nearly three times as large as Great Britain and Ireland, and more than three times as large as Prussia.The inhabited or settled portion covers at least 40,000 square miles, and is nearly twice as large as Denmark, three times as large as Switzerland, a third greater than Scotland, and more than a third the size of Prussia ; but such is the rapid progress of settlement through immigration, that, in ten years time, the settled parts of Canada will be equal in area to Great Britain or Prussia.Prior to the year 1840, Canada was divided into two distinct Provin- ces, known as Upper and Lower Canada, possessing separate Legislative bodies or Parliaments for the local government of each.In 1840, these Provinces were united, although for some purposes the old territorial divisions still exist.Upper Canada is that part of the now United Pro- vinces which lies to the South and West of the River Ottawa ; Lower Canada embraces the country to the North and East of that River.This extensive Province is bounded on the north by the British pos- iongj at present in the occupation or guardianship of the Hudson's Bay Company ; on the south and east by the States of the American Union and the British Province of New Brunswick.The western boun- dary of Canada, west of Lake Winnipeg, is yet undefined.The River St. Lawrence, and Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting rivers, form a wonderful natural barrier between Canada and the States of the Union, and a means of communication of surprising extent, and unsurpassed excellence.THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES AND RESOURCES OF CANADA.3. In all new countries means of communication may be styled the pioneers of permanent improvement and expansion.Canada is especially fortunate in this respect ; she possesses, without exception, the most magnificent system of natural and artificial water highways, in direct communication with the sea, to be found in either hemisphere.A ship sails from Liverpool, London, Bremen, Havre, Hamburg, Stockholm, or any other European Port, and arrives at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, the great marine outlet of the commerce of Canada, and of the Far West.Let us ascend the St. Lawrence with her, and, without changing our vessel, unravel this water-system from the ocean to the Prairies of the Far West, through Canadian rivers, canals, and lakes.river in actual horizontal distance, overcoming a fall of 225 feet above the level of tide water.Fifty-two miles of sailing, 168 miles above Montreal, and we are in Lake Ontario, 756 miles from the Sea and 234 feet above it.Lake Ontario is 180 miles long, from 50 to 60 miles wide, and 500 feet deep, and has an area of 6,600 square miles.Swiftly traversing its expanse, in sight, probably, of hundreds of other vessels and steamers, we reach the outlet of the Welland Canal, through which, by means of 27 locks, we rise 330 feet to the waters of Lake Erie, 1041 miles from the sea and 564 feet above its leveL Our progress is still on through Lake Erie, until we arrive at the Detroit river, 1280 miles from the sea.We pass by the city of Detroit, in the State of Michigan, through Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River into Lake Huron, 1355 miles from our starting point, and 573 feet above the ocean.We may now sail on to St. Mary's river, and passing through a short but gigantic canal, constructed by the people of the United States, enter Lake Superior, with a fresh water sea, as large as Ireland, before us, and enabling us to attain a distance of 2000 miles from the mouth of the St. Law- rence.Or, we may sail southward into Lake Michigan, and land at that wonderful creation of the Great West, Chicago.Choosing this latter terminus to our inland voyage, we find at our feet a network of railways spreading over the States and Territories of the valleys of the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri.Canadian vessels not unfrequently trace out this varied navigation of lake, river, and canal we have been unravelling, but in a contrary direc- tion, and proceed to Europe, selling their cargoes and ships.In 1856 10 mii.es;Brought over 1227 3. The Northern 95 4. The Buffalo and Lake Huron 159 5.The London and Port Stanley 24 6.The Erie and Ontario 17 7.The Cobourg and Peterborough 28 8. ThePrescott and Ottawa 54 9.The Montreal and Champlain ( in Canada) 81 10.The Grenville and Carillon 13 11.The St. Lawrence and Industrie 12 12.The Port Hope and Lindsay and Bcavertonwith Mill- brook and Peterborough Branches 56 13.The Brochville and Ottawa-to Perth and Land Point.... 56 14.The Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly-St Johns to Granby 29 15.The Wetland 25 16.The Hamilton 17 miles (not open) Total 1876 MINERALS.The triumph obtained by Canada, at the Paris Exhibition, for her splendid display of Minerals of all descriptions, tells its own tale.The grand Medal of Honour, awarded to Sir William Logan, the Canadian Provincial Geologist, by the Jurors of the Paris Exhibition, will do more in calling the attention of European capitalists to the vast mineral wealth of the country, than the most elaborate description of its distribution and extent.It was a prize won in a strife where all were strong, and tells of rare industry and success in bringing to light the hidden wealth of Canadian rocks.The principal Economic Minerals of Canada, are stated by Sir W.

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