Danos massivos ao meio ambiente: a construção do ecocídio no sistema internacional penal
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This work investigates the evolution of the idea of ecocide - as the ultimate crime against the environment - in parallel with the development of international criminal law, in order to assess whether the crime, previously relegated to the academic field between the 1970s and 1990s, finds today a technical structure and practical relevance to be included in the International Criminal Court, a major reference of the international criminal system. In this context, we sought to contribute to the open questions surrounding the 'ecocide' initiative as an international crime, starting with the repercussion given to major environmental disasters in recent years, the existing laws and bills on ecocide in the world, and the analysis of the ICC as the appropriate Court to prosecute the crime. The approach, despite gathering elements of domestic law (when discussing cases and criminal liability), is international, focusing on the existing mechanisms and institutions of international criminal law and related ones. The research, through the inductive method, uses documentary and bibliographic research, national and international rules and procedures. Ecocide emerged as a systematic attack on the environment during the Vietnam War. But, as we saw in the following decades, the use of herbicides was not the only means of causing massive environmental damage, as in the case of oil exploration in the Niger Delta and Alberta tar sands, the chemical pollution of Bhopal, and the collapse of tailings dams in Brumadinho and Mariana, all of which were committed between negligence, with assumption of risk, and direct intent. In common, a diffuse legal response was perceived, with difficulties in determining individual and collective, national and international responsibilities, including on the issue of climate change. It was then necessary to analyze ecocide as a crime itself and its conceptual and practical development, from the draft of the Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, developed by the International Law Commission, to the criminal definitions consolidated in countries like Colombia and France, as well as a bills, such as Chile and Brazil. The development of the notion of ecocide was clear, starting from a vague crime exclusive to war situations in the 1970s, evolving as a tool, nonexistent until then, against the practice of massive damage to the environment. The level of detail reached today allows us to understand ecocide as a viable crime on par with other international crimes, such as genocide or crimes against humanity. Finally, in relation to the obstacles to the 'ecocide' initiative at the ICC, the existing criticisms regarding the Court's performance, the search for legitimacy, between the common law and civil law legal systems, and the analysis of the volitive elements (mens rea), sovereignty, universal jurisdiction, and ecocide as a jus cogens norm were pondered. The conclusion is that ecocide is a viable crime, with sufficient technical maturity and breadth of discourse in various forums to consider it a relatively well-defined conduct. It has also been found that the ICC is the most appropriate place to accommodate the new crime in practice, symbolizing a legal and universal limit to the massive destruction of the environment.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,010 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,008 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».