The Metaphor Awakening Effect: A Time-Course Investigation of the Literal Meaning during Metaphor Comprehension
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Metaphors have been an object of fascination and a matter of debate since ancient times. What has attracted researchers is how metaphors are so seamlessly understood when their literal meaning differs from what they convey metaphorically. Some scholars have proposed that listeners attain the metaphorical content serially, where the literal interpretation is initially derived, combined with pragmatic information, and then the metaphorical content is determined. Other scholars, however, have argued that the efficiency with which metaphors are understood does not allow for the literal meaning to be derived first and then rejected in favour of the metaphorical content. Rather, they contend that most conventional metaphors are directly retrieved from semantic memory without the need for any inferential work. This thesis presents three manuscripts that investigated two-word metaphors such as broken heart and sharp tongue. The first manuscript reported a norming study to serve as an open source of materials required to run experiments such as those in the current thesis. The second manuscript examined whether the literal meaning of conventional metaphors was available, and could be recovered, immediately after the metaphorical content had been attained. In a maze task, participants read sentences word by word in a self-paced manner and then choose which of two words correctly continues the sentence, where the distractor words were either related or unrelated to the metaphorical content of the sentence. The results of this study yielded a significant awakening effect, whereby longer response times and lower accuracy rates were obtained in trials in which the literal meaning was cued immediately after the metaphor had been processed. This pattern of results suggests that the literal meaning was awakened during sentence processing. The third manuscript examined whether the awakening effect could be found further away from the metaphorical expression. The results of this study also yielded a significant awakening effect. However, it was weaker when compared to the original maze. Lastly, in Appendices A and B, the effects of familiarity and aptness on the awakening effect were analyzed. The results of these analyses indicated that, when the literal meaning is cued immediately after the metaphorical expression has been processed, familiarity and aptness do not have an overall effect. However, further downstream, the awakening effect is indeed modulated by familiarity and aptness. Altogether, the results from the series of studies presented in the current thesis provide compelling evidence in support of the literal-first approach.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,015 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».