Mobilizing the will to intervene : leadership & action to prevent mass atrocities

Without leadership from the Prime Minister of Canada and the President of the United States, our countries will make little progress toward solving the recurring global problems of mass atrocities and their lethal ripple effects.We lay out missed policy options that Canada and the U.S. could have pursued in Rwanda in 1994, and describe successful responses to early warning in Kosovo.By providing detailed case studies of Canadian and U.S. decision making over Rwanda and Kosovo, W2I aims to help decision makers envisage innovative and timely solutions in the future.The introduction to this report, Part I, describes the impacts of genocide and mass atrocities, highlighting the enormous security, financial, and political costs of inaction.Our introductory section also analyzes the emerging drivers of deadly violence in the 21 st century.Part II, the most important section of the report, presents our policy recommendations in four thematic sections devoted to the generation of domestic political will.Part III of the report consists of the W2I historical case studies analyzing the Canadian and American decision making process concerning the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1999 Kosovo crisis.In addition to research on current responses to mass atrocities, the case study analyses in Part III provide the basis for the development of the policy recommendations in Part II.Part IV consists of the appendices, which include the selected bibliography for the case studies, the list of interviewees, biographies of the W2I Project's Co-Directors and researchers, members of the Research Steering Committee and Academic Consultation Group, as well as a list of acronyms.The W2I report uses the term "humanitarian intervention" in its widest sense to include the broad spectrum of tools that our governments can employ to prevent mass atrocities.These include "soft" and "hard" power tools, non-military and military actions.In the preventive phase of a humanitarian intervention, the governments of Canada and the U.S. can offer development assistance and financial aid, technical support, training, debt reduction, and mediation.When consensual preventive measures fail and more robust action is required, they can introduce the withdrawal of visas and scholarships for children from the recalcitrant political elite, economic sanctions, arms embargoes, the enforcement of no fly zones, and the use of military force.W2I strongly supports the view that credible military force must be visible in the wings to potentiate non-military preventive action.Consensual soft-power methods can succeed, but peace spoilers only cooperate with them when they know their forces can be neutralized.Recognizing a substantive difference between the governing structures of Canada and the U.S., the government recommendations in this report are crafted separately for American and Canadian governments and legislators.Although both the Mobilizing the Will to Intervene Summary Policy Recommendations for the Government of Canada Enabling lEadErship W2I recommends that: The Prime Minister make preventing mass atrocities a national priority for Canada (p.18)

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