農産物貿易における国家貿易企業の一元的活動の市場歪曲性について
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The purpose of this paper is to discuss on distortion effects of State Trade Enterprises "STE" on international markets of agricultural commodities. Particularly, it is the STE which has been operating under the single desk status in either domestic marketing or export marketing that matters in this arguments. The objective function of STE activities is to maximize total revenue of producers while the objective function of private trade enterprises is to maximize their own profits. Last December, WTO had the conference for extending the trade liberalization measures which had been agreed in GATT Uruguay Round. However, it had failed to reach to the agreement of further liberalization due to objections by the LDC and NGO against the USA proposals. Since then, WTO has tried to have another chance for conference to discuss about liberalization again. USA has proposed the issues of STE as the agenda for the next conference. As for the exporting countries, most of Cairns group have STEs. Each member countries of Cairns group have not always shown the same attitude for this arguments. For example, Australia and New Zealand have privatized several STEs such as Australian Wheat Board or New Zealand Dairy Board etc. However, Canada has not privatized any STEs such as Canadian Dairy Committee etc. As for the importing countries, Japan has STEs such as Food Agency, Agriculture & Livestock Industry Corporation and Japan Tabaco Incorporated. China has both exporting STE and importing STE. Since China has been adopting the Planning Economy system, its trading firms had been owned by the government originally. However, China has been trying to separate the management aspects as the self owned organizations from the administration side of the trading firms. As for the distortion effects of STEs, their "pooling systems" are argued. Most STEs have adopted the following 3 types of pooling systems. i.e. (i) pooling of revenues in domestic marketing and export marketing, (ii) pooling of marketing revenues in profitable export markets and nonprofitable export markets and (iii) pooling of marketing revenues of high grade commodities and low grade commodities. In this paper, 3 economic models are introduced to measure the market distortion effects of the STEs and discussed on their comparative validity in each of the pooling systems.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,019 | 0,008 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,066 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».