Bonneville Lock and Dam: National historic landmark

BUILDING STRONG\nBonneville Lock and Dam\nNational Historic Landmark\nWelcome to Bonneville Lock and Dam\nBonneville second\npowerhouse\nPanoramic view of the Columbia River Gorge with Crown Point center right\nAdministration building\nVisiting Bonneville\nLock and Dam\nLocated in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area 64\nkilometers/40 miles east of Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver,\nWashington, Bonneville Lock and Dam forms a connecting link\nbetween the two states. To get to Bonneville, take Interstate 84 from\nPortland to exit 40, or Washington State Highway 14 from Vancouver\nto milepost 40. The Bridge of the Gods, about three miles upstream of\nBonneville, provides the nearest public route between the Oregon and\nWashington sides of the lock and dam.\nLake Bonneville, the 77 kilometer/48-mile-long reservoir impounded\nby the dam, is the first in a series of navigable lakes which are part of\nthe Columbia-Snake Inland Waterway, a water highway running 748\nkilometers/465 miles from the Pacific Ocean to Lewiston, Idaho.\nBonneville Lock and Dam, built and operated by the U.S. Army Corps\nof Engineers, was the first federal lock and dam on the Columbia and\nSnake rivers. Construction began in 1933 and the lock and dam was\ndedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on September 28, 1937.\nTotal construction cost was $88.4 million.\nAs energy needs of the Northwest grew, additional hydropower\nfacilities were built upstream. The original Bonneville powerhouse\ncould not meet all the regional demands for power. A second\npowerhouse was constructed between 1974 and 1981 on the\nWashington shore. When the first of the eight units began producing\nelectricity in 1981, Bonneville Lock and Dam combined the oldest\nand newest federal powerplants on the Columbia River. The second\npowerhouse produces 635 megawatts, making Bonneville’s total\noutput over 1,200 megawatts, enough to supply the power needs of\n900,000 homes.\nIt takes more than 150 people to operate and maintain Bonneville\nLock and Dam each year. The work force includes engineers,\npowerhouse and lock operators, office administrators, skilled laborers,\nwarehouse workers, biologists, and park rangers.\nNational Historic Landmark\nBonneville Lock and Dam was placed on the National Register of\nHistoric Places as an historic district in June 1986.\nThe historic district covers a 39.26 hectare/97-acre area and consists\nof seven parts: the administration building, auditorium, spillway dam,\npowerhouse, navigation lock, the fish hatchery and landscaping. The\ndistrict also has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.\nBonneville’s significance is based on the Colonial-Revival style\narchitecture of the administration building and auditorium, the\nunique engineering design, the contribution to the region’s industrial\ndevelopment, the lock’s role in transportation, the entrance\nlandscaping, and the role of Bonneville as a major government\nundertaking in the 1930s to provide jobs during the Great Depression.\nBonneville Lock and Dam is named for Army Captain Benjamin\nBonneville, an early day visionary who led an exploration to the\nOregon Country and charted extensive sections of what became the\nOregon Trail.\nHydropower for the Northwest\nWater at the upstream side of the dam, moving with tremendous\nforce, is guided down to the turbine blades.\nAs it strikes the blades of the turbine, the water turns the turbine like\na propeller. The turning steel turbine spins electromagnets of the\nrotor. Spinning electromagnets generate electric current in the coils\nof copper in the stator.\nThe dams are connected by power transmission lines to supply power\nto the people and industries of the Northwest and parts of California.\nPower produced at Bonneville and other Northwest dams is sold\nby the Bonneville Power Administration, a federal power marketing\nagency. Revenues from the sale of hydropower repay the U.S.\nTreasury for the costs of construction and operation of federal power\ngenerating facilities.\nHydropower Generation\nControl room operator carefully\nmonitors the power output of\nboth powerhouses by computer\nThe generator bay at the first powerhouse offers an impressive view of ten\nworking generators\nThe original powerhouse is located on the Oregon shore\nThe second powerhouse and Visitor Orientation Building are on the\nWashington shore\nFacts and Figures\n10-Generator First Powerhouse\nLength 313 m 1,027 ft\nTotal generating capacity 600 MW\n8-Generator Second Powerhouse\nLength 300.5 m 986 ft\nTotal generating capacity 642 MW*\n1938 Navigation Lock\nChamber length 152.4 m 500 ft\nChamber width 23.2 m 76 ft\nMaximum lift 21.3 m 70 ft\n1993 Navigation Lock\nChamber length 205.7 m 675 ft\nChamber width 26.2 m 86 ft\nMaximum lift 21.3 m 70 ft\nLake Bonneville\nLength 77 km 48 mi\n*includes two other generators used to attract fish into ladders.\n1 With the vessel going downstream,\nthe downstream lock gates are closed\nand the filling valve is opened, allowing\nthe lock chamber to fill by gravity.\nLocks move products through the Northwest\nThe newer lock opened for navigation in March 1993\nDedication of the original lock, 1938\n3 The filling valve and upstream gates are\nclosed. Water drains through the drain valve until it\nis level with water beyond the downstream gates.\n2 The upstream lock gates open and\nallow the vessel to enter the filled lock.\n4 The downstream gates open and the vessel leaves the\nlock chamber and continues downstream. This procedure is\nreversed if the vessel is going upstream. It takes less than\n30 minutes.\nHow Does A Lock Work?\nAt Bonneville, the level of water upstream of the dam is usually about 18 meters or 60 feet higher than that of the water downstream. The\nnavigation lock permits vessels to pass from one level to the other. Lockage is available 24 hours a day.\nBoaters without radios should look for signs to direct them to pull-cord signals and intercoms located upstream and downstream from the lock.\nPull the cord to signal the lock operator. Speak directly to the lock operator over the intercom. Red and green signal lights give visual directions.\nRadio operators should use Marine Channel 14 to contact the lock operator for instructions.\nThe Cascades Lock - 1896\nA few miles upstream from\nthe present site of Bonneville\nLock and Dam, the first lock\non the Columbia River began\noperating in 1896. Built by the\nCorps, it allowed ships to move\ntheir cargo upriver, eliminating\nthe need to portage goods\naround the Cascades Rapids.\nAs the reservoir filled after the\ncompletion of Bonneville Lock and Dam, the rapids and the Cascades\nCanal and Lock were submerged. Today, remnants of the old lock\ncan be seen from Cascade Locks Marine Park.\nBonneville Lock - 1938\nWhen Bonneville’s first lock\nwas completed in 1938, it was\nthe largest single-lift lock in the\nworld, with an 18-meter/60-foot\nvertical lift. It could hold two\nbarges and a tugboat at one\ntime. As Columbia River traffic\nincreased, new dams were\nbuilt upriver, with locks capable\nof holding five-barge tows.\nBonneville’s lock delayed river traffic since large tows required several\nseparate lockages, greatly increasing shipping time. Now closed to\nriver traffic, it has been replaced by the lock completed in 1993.\nBonneville Lock - 1993\nA larger navigation lock at Bonneville opened to traffic in March\n1993. The lock is 26 meters/86 feet wide and 206 meters/675 feet\nlong. It can hold five-barge tows which gives it the same capacity as\nthe seven upstream locks. The lockage time has been reduced from\nseveral hours to less than 30 minutes. The total construction cost for\nthe lock was $341 million. Commodities such as petroleum products,\nwood products and grain passing through the Bonneville lock can\ntravel between Lewiston, Idaho, and the Pacific Ocean on the river\nCascades Canal and Lock, 1896 highway known as the Columbia-Snake Inland Waterway.\nPublic Information:\nBonneville Lock and Dam\nU.S. Army Corps of Engineers\nCascade Locks, OR 97014-0150\nPhone: (541) 374-8820\nU.S. Army Corps of Engineers,\nPortland District\nP.O. Box 2946\nPortland, OR 97208-2946\nPhone: (503) 808-4510\n2013\nVisitor Centers are open daily\nexcept Thanksgiving, Christmas\nand New Year’s Day. For further\ninformation or to arrange for\ninterpretive programs please call:\n(541) 374-8820\nTDD: (541) 374-8501\nhttps://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/\nLocations/ColumbiaRiver/Bonneville.aspx\nFederal regulations about public use of these areas are in Title 36, Chapters II and III, of the Code of Federal Regulations, and are on display in the areas most\nfrequently used by the public.\nUnder the Archeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, it is illegal to excavate or remove artifacts from federal land. Violators are subject to a fine of not more\nthan $100,000, imprisonment of not more than five years, and forfeiture of all equipment (including vehicles) used in connection with a violation.\nAbout the Corps\nThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the federal government’s\nlargest water resources development and management agency.\nThe Corps’ purpose is to provide quality, responsive, cost\neffective engineering services to support the nation in peace\nand war. A broad range of professionals--engineers, biologists,\nnatural resource managers, contract specialists, lawyers, real\nestate specialists, planners, archeologists, and more--make up\nthe Corps’ work force.\nThe Corps’ water resources program began in 1824 when\nthe U.S. Congress first appropriated money to improve river\nnavigation. Today’s Corps improves ports and river navigation,\nreduces flood damage, controls beach erosion, generates\nhydropower, supplies water for irrigation and to cities and\nindustries, regulates development in navigable waters and\nwetlands, and operates an extensive recreation program.\nThe Corps’ Northwestern Division, headquartered in Portland\nOregon, is made up

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