Nano materials and innovative laser-based accelerators for
\ncultural heritage.

Introduction 1.1 Context and Main Scientific Objectives 1.2 Relevance of the Research Activity for European Union and Canada 1.3 Thesis Plan and main Results Chapter 2 -State of the Art 2.1 Diagnostic methods: state of the art and experimental setups 2.2 Conservation Methods Chapter 3 -Growth and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured Materials for Conservation of Cultural Heritage 3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of thin-transparent nanostructured films for surface protection 3.2 TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles film for cultural heritage: conservation and consolidation of ceramic artifacts 3.3 AFM and Pulsed Laser Ablation Methods for Cultural Heritage: Application to Archeometric Analysis of Stone Artifacts Chapter 4 -Innovative Laser-Plasma Diagnostics for Cultural Heritage 4.1 One-shot PIXE diagnostic 4.2 Design of nanostructured targets: enhanced proton beams for one-shot PIXE 4.3 Plasma Induced Luminescence in air: a new diagnostic method based on laser-plasma interaction Chapter 5 -General Conclusions and Future Perspectives Appendix I: Publication List Attendance at International Conference However, in the world of cultural Heritage, there is not only the need of preservation of the artworks, but also of diagnostic the status of an artwork.In fact, in the last years, strong exertion has been put into the research of innovative techniques in the field of Physics and Chemistry applied to Cultural Heritage for conservation and diagnostic too.Actually several groups explorethe possibility to realize equipment to be used directly on side in the archeological sites or in museum.In fact, this need is due to that currently the best performing classical techniques of diagnostics and conservation (restoration and consolidation) require, generally, to move the artworks from museum, or archeological site, into a laboratory, or to make micro sampling of the artifacts (i.e.extract a small part of the artifact to be analyzed).Chemical information on artworks (ceramic, bronzes, metals, pigments) is mainly obtained using surface spectroscopies (such as Photoluminescence, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray-Fluorescence (XRF), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) in SEM), while morphological information can be obtained with SEM.Complete chemistry of material bulks is known using sophisticated techniques of nuclear physics such as Proton Induced X-ray and Gamma Emission (PIXE and PIGE -see an example of PIXE analysis in Figure 2).All these methods are based on particle accelerators such as, e.g. the Accélerateur Grand Louvre d' Analyse Elémentaire -AGLAE in Paris and the Laboratory of Nuclear Techniques for Environment and Cultural Heritage-LABEC in Florence.Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques, on the other side, require sophisticated spectrometers and lasers.SEM and XPS must be taken under vacuum conditions and PIXE and PIGE require the employment of large particle accelerators.Moreover, all these methods allow realizing only local analysis on artworks (beam 10 "Applying design and the development of converging technologies to, create new business opportunities, including the preservation of Europe's heritage and materials with historical or cultural value.Protecting the Cultural Heritage: assessment, monitoring and choice of conservation materials and techniques, with reference to the environment and energy management, use and maintenance, and integration into contemporary and historical urban surroundings and archaeological and cultural contexts".The following project endorses fully these objectives of the European Commission.The collaboration of Universities, Research Institutes, Regional and National Agencies and, indirectly, Industry, ensures the correct use of European resources in science and technology.The research in new Materials and Methods for Cultural Heritage will contribute to protect and preserve our common historical and archaeological patrimony.Moreover, the optimization of diagnostic and conservation technique can reduce the costs of restoration and conservation, favoring their usage also for small museums and small archeological sites and ensuring the accessibility and the preservation of Cultural Heritage for all European citizens.Moreover, the project links different communities, such as the conventional accelerator community, the nanomaterials community and the laser community, which allows for cross-linked activities on different facilities and different fields of applications that build a unique compound, currently not existing elsewhere.The research Field of Science Applied to the Cultural Heritage is relatively new for Canada and for the Quebec.New laws on the preservation of Cultural Heritage were introduced in 2012 and the Canadian scientific community is starting to work in this new research field and new funding programs have been opened in the last three years (e.g.Coopération Québec-Italie 2014-2017 and 2017-2019 Appel à projects en art et culture dans le cadre de la Sous-commission mixte).This Ph.D. project is the first thesis in the field of the Physics Applied to the Cultural Heritage at the INRS-EMT center and should allow for new experiments devoted to the field on the proton beam line currently under setup, with the aim of producing a "laser-driven, few-shot PIXE" diagnostic (first experiments were planned for second half of 2017).This work demonstrates that very thin and optically transparent nanocomposite films can be conveniently applied on the surface of materials relevant for Cultural Heritage, including bronze, granite, marble, and glass, and display potent antibacterial properties without affecting the aesthetics of the underlying material.The films contain very small loadings of TiO2, graphene, or fullerene, and can easily be applied on large surfaces using conventional brushes or air-brushes.The antibacterial properties of the films are unaffected by two accelerated aging tests, suggesting their longevity in a real world setting.These nanocomposite films are very promising candidates for the preservation of statues, mosaics, floors, buildings, and other objects that are exposed to challenging environmental conditions.-Implementation of methods used in nanoscience as diagnostics in the field of Cultural Heritage (AFM and Pulsed Laser Ablation Methods for Cultural Heritage: Application to Archeometric Analysis of Stone Artifacts.

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