The pros and cons of protect-in-place
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
A number of people have died in the process of evacuating buildings during fires, particularly in highrise buildings. These casualties are found in corridors and stairwells, away from the room of fire origin. The fire safety approach has always been to assume that as long as the fire did not start in the means of egress, corridors and stairwells were safe. Contrary to this belief, a number of fires have shown that apart from the compartment of fire origin, corridors and stairwells are probably the most dangerous places to be during a fire. In North America, the evacuation procedure for highrise buildings requires that upon hearing the fire alarm signal, occupants should evacuate the building by the closest exit and if they encounter smoke, to use an alternative exit. This approach has led to a number of casualties in highrise fires. Further, it is disturbing to observe that, in the same fires, occupants who decided to stay in their apartments, even on the fire floor, were safe. Although several fire case studies demonstrate the positive outcome of the protect-in-place strategy, this strategy is not proposed for all buildings. The choice of this strategy should depend on the occupant characteristics and building characteristics. For example, it could be required that the building be equipped with sprinklers, be made of non-combustible construction with self-closers on all compartment entry doors, etc. It is the local fire department that should evaluate the context and establish the specific criteria if a building is suitable for a protect-in-place strategy. One of the difficulties with this new strategy is educating the public. In the past, the message has always been "when you hear the fire alarm signal, leave the building immediately"; now the message would be "when you hear the fire alarm signal, stay where you are and prepare to protect-in-place". Although it is a complete change of message, it might not be that difficult for highrise building occupants to make the shift since they are already quite reluctant to evacuate when the fire alarm is activated. This strategy offers added safety for all occupants including occupants with disability as long as occupants are prepared to follow instructions. In light of the events at the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 where some of the occupants who decided to stay in place and follow instructions might be among the victims and many who decided to disobey instructions and evacuated were safe, implications for the implementation of the protect-in-place strategy will be discussed.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,008 | 0,014 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,008 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,006 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,005 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,008 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».