The image of the Mongols in Western European imagination
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Recent work by Jackson, Reichert and Schmieder among others has illuminated how Mongols and Europeans interacted. My research looks at the consequences of this interaction and at how Europeans devised and used images of Mongols. These images have generally been overlooked, or the presence of Mongols in them has been dismissed as mere superficial exoticism. This research both reveals these images as being too individual to be subsumed in a general discussion of Orientalism and casts light on propaganda strategies of church and state. The earliest European images of the Mongols represent them as savage creatures coming to wreak destruction. These images have received a disproportionate amount of attention in the past, and my first chapter argues both that they have to be seen within an apocalyptic context and that from the third quarter of the thirteenth century onwards they had surprisingly little influence. As peaceable trade relations became established, more varied and less predictable images of the Mongols were created and used. My second chapter discusses the reception in Europe of the porcelains and embroidered silks imported from lands controlled by the Mongols between the mid-thirteenth and the mid-fourteenth centuries. Alongside this trade went a more structured attempt by the Papacy not only to convert the Mongols, but also to divide Asia up into Franciscan and Dominican areas of influence. My third chapter focuses on how in the 1350s and 1360s, just as their bishoprics in China were being abandoned, the two orders placed Mongol figures in the frescoes of their central Italian churches. Often dismissed as mere superficial exoticism, these images are better read as propaganda pieces in the argument between the orders as to which one had the better candidates to martyrdom and the most missionary zeal. Finally, the fourth chapter discusses how this papal initiative was mirrored by secular images of the Great Khan as an autocratic ruler of an immense kingdom where there was no priestly interference. This image had very little to do with the actual Mongols: the very idea of a ‘Mongol Kingdom’ misses out the fractures within their empire. However, this research has revealed that the Mongol rulers had a hand in the creation of this Western image of them. Their diplomatic letters to the West planted suggestions that the Mongols were Christian, or at least inclined towards Christianity, and of immense power and wealth. This idea had a huge afterlife in Western Europe.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,016 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».