Legitimizing resistance? International refugee law and the protection of individuals resisting oppression

Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 1 I. Defining Resistance …………………………………………. 2 II.Overview of the Thesis and Methodology …………………... 5 III.Situating This Work ………………………………………… 14 Chapter One -Individual Agency and International Law ………………….. 20 I. Introduction: Resistance as Prologue ……………………….. 20 II.Individuals and the Advancement of International Law ……. 25 III.Resistance and the Advancement of International Law …….. 31 a.Armed Resistance and Authoritarian Regimes ……………… 41 b.Desertion and Selective Conscientious Objection ………..….45 c.Challenging Rebel Groups ………………………………….. 65 IV.Conclusion .…………………………………………………. 67 Chapter Two -Legitimizing Resistance …………………………………….72 I. Introduction …………………………………………………. 72 II.The Legitimacy of Armed Resistance ……………………….73 III.The Legitimacy of Selective Conscientious Objection ……... 85 IV.Resisting Corruption and Economic Oppression …………… 95 V. Conclusion ………………………………………………….103 Chapter Three -Reimagining Refugees ……………………………………107 I. Introduction …………………………………………………107 II.Refugees as Victims ……………………………………….. 109 III.Broadening the Construct of Victimhood …………………..123 a. Pure Victimhood ………………………………………….... 124 b.Attractiveness of the Pure Victim ………………………….. 127 c.Rejecting Victimhood …………………………………….... 130 d.Sharing A Single Corporeal Space -Agency and Victimhood134 IV.The Refugee as a Victimized Resister and Resistive Victim 141 V. Conclusion …………………………………………………. 148 Chapter Four -Personae Non Gratae: Targeting The Use of Force As A Basis For Excluding Resisters…………………………….. 150 I. Introduction ……………………………………………………. 150 II.Legislative Exclusions -Carving Violence Out of Resistance …154 III.In Defence of the Political Crimes Doctrine ……………………172 a. Origins of the Political Crimes Doctrine ……………………….173b.Political Crimes in Extradition Law ………………………….. 175 c.Political Crimes under Article 1F(b) ………………………….180 IV.Successful Applications of the Political Crimes Doctrine …….. 190 a.The Factual Circumstances ……………………………………191 b.Judicial Contextualizing …………………………………….. 193 V. Conclusion .…………………………………………………….202 Chapter Five -Non-State Political Actors and Re-Defining the Notion of the "Political" in the Context of the 1951 Refugee Convention 204 I. Introduction ……………………………………………………. 204 II.Assessing the State of the "Political" ………………………….. 206 a. Political Opinions ……………………………………………… 206 b.Political Crimes ………………………………………………... 214 III.Power as the Central Feature of the "Political" ……………….. 220 IV.Criminal Organizations as Oppressive Political Actors ……….. 229 V. Conclusion …………………………………………………….. 235 Chapter Six -Seen In Its True Light: Desertion as a Pure Political Crime ...237 I. Introduction …………………………………………………… 237 II.Military Desertion and State Protection ……………………….238 III.Desertion -A Pure Political Crime?………………………….. 246 IV.Paragraph 171 Desertions ……………………………………... 251 V. Conclusion …………………………………………………….. 252 Chapter Seven -Mediating Between Heroism and Criminality: Article 1F(a) and the Exclusion of Imperfect Military Resisters …….. 253 I. Introduction ……………………………………………………253 II.The Historical Context of the Drafting of Article 1F(a) ……….257III.Advancing the Humanitarian Objectives of International Law...263 IV.Utilitarian Justification ……………………………………….. 265 V. Consequences of Exclusion and Its Proximity to Criminal Punishment……………………………………………………..266 VI.The Role of Duress in the Commission of a Crime ……………272 VII.Conclusion ……………………………………………………..279 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………280 I. Limiting Armed Resistance ……………………………………281 II.Desertion and Selective Conscientious Objection ……………..283 III.Resistance to Corruption and Economic Oppression …………..285 IV.Expanding the Boundaries of the "Political"………………….. 286 V.Concluding Thoughts ………………………………………….

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