PREDISPOSING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN FOULBROOD DISEASE IN HONEY BEE COLONIES POLLINATING BLUEBERRIES
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
European foulbrood (EFB) is an economically important disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), caused by the bacterium Melissococcus plutonius. Honey bee larval infection by M. plutonius during environmental or nutritional stress results in decreased colony strength, honey production and pollination services, and increased management and treatment costs. Previously, outbreaks of EFB have been self-limiting, following the influx of abundant food resources during the summer months and recovery of the adult nursing bee population. More recently, outbreaks of EFB have been reportedly refractory to traditional management practices despite abundant food resources. Moreover, an abundance of these outbreaks have been reported during and following blueberry pollination. While it has been well established that strains of M. plutonius vary dependent on geographical location, and that fungicide products are commonly used during blueberry bloom, it is unknown whether pathogenic isolates of M. plutonius and fungicides used during blueberry pollination are risk factors for honey bee larvae developing EFB during and after blueberry pollination. To investigate the correlation between outbreaks of EFB and blueberry pollination, in Chapter 2, we described three clinical outbreaks of EFB in western Canada and characterized clinical isolates of M. plutonius using multilocus sequence typing and an in vitro larval infection model. We identified two different sequence types (STs) of M. plutonius (ST19 and a novel ST36), and both STs resulted in a significant decrease in larval survival compared to non-infected controls. To further explore the relationship between blueberry pollination and EFB, in Chapter 3, we expanded our M. plutonius surveillance across North America and compared the genetic STs and larval pathogenicity of M. plutonius isolates from colonies with and without a history of blueberry pollination. Of the 30 M. plutonius isolates we collected, we identified four different STs (ST12, 19, 21, and 27) and demonstrated that larval infection with 29/30 isolates resulted in a significant decrease in larval survival. Based on this study, a history of blueberry pollination was not correlated with M. plutonius pathogenicity or ST. Considering the absence of relationship between M. plutonius strain type and blueberry pollination, in Chapter 4, we explored whether larval exposure to fungicide products used during blueberry pollination may predispose honey bee larvae to mortality from EFB. While individual and combinations of two and three fungicide products did not decrease larval survival from EFB, honey bee larvae that were infected with M. plutonius bacteria and subsequently exposed to four fungicide products simultaneously had a significant decrease in survival compared to infected controls. Taken together, our examination of the environmental and pathogen determinants of EFB revealed that colony exposure to the combinations of four fungicide products may be a potential driver of EFB during and after blueberry pollination; however, further verification of these findings using colony-level studies is necessary. Moreover, this research highlights the importance of collaboration amongst various stakeholders, including veterinarians, beekeepers, blueberry growers, bacteriologists, and agronomists, to support honey bee health during blueberry pollination and contribute to the ongoing investigation of the disease ecology of EFB.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».