Selling Energy to China: Chinese Energy Politics in the Arctic
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Until recently, the Arctic including the Arctic Ocean was only mentioned in the context of global warming. However, global warming has led to a thawing of ice that unveiled great findings of natural resources. The Arctic is now in the middle of a rapid environmental, geopolitical and economic transformation. The planting of the Russian flag by Russian researchers in 2007 on the bottom of the Artic Ocean triggered an overwhelming attention from other actors and states outside the region. Within a short time, all the Arctic countries, the US, Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, have all developed their own Artic strategy and outside actors have voiced their interest for influence in the region. One outside actor that has had a great presence in the Arctic region is China. China has signed bilateral agreements with several of the Arctic states and shown growing interest in the development of Arctic natural resources. Beijing does not have an official Arctic strategy, and the Arctic countries, as well as the global community, are curious about what China s intention is in the region. In this thesis, I analyse the Icelandic, Russian and, supposedly, Chinese Arctic strategy; what is China s role in these two Arctic countries strategy and what do the activities in the Arctic mean to China. The thesis shows that, for both Iceland and Russia, China appears like the partner that best suits their strategic priorities. In Iceland s case, China is the only country that has both the technology and the economic capacity to develop Icelandic resources. Chinese presence in the Arctic supports two of Iceland s primary Arctic priorities: the legitimisation of Iceland as a coastal Arctic state and preventing the region from becoming an exclusive region just for the Arctic littoral states, that are the US, Canada, Russia, Denmark (Greenland), Norway and Russia. Russia is undoubtedly the country that possesses the biggest share of the Arctic s riches. Early on, Russia was flirting with international companies with licenses in the Arctic region. However, in the light of the Crimea annexation in 2014, the Western sanctions that followed ignited a series of bilateral agreements with China that makes it seem like the beginning of Russia s pivot towards the East. Both Iceland and Russia are looking for a partner who can boost their economy and help them achieve their strategic goals; develop natural resources and, as a consequence, boost socio-economic developments. The findings in this thesis show that Chinese companies have a strong advantage in the Arctic compared to other companies. The Chinese companies are eager to make foreign investments and have deep enough pockets to support potential projects. Simultaneously, their investments receive great support from Beijing, and China s political leaders work actively at improving diplomatic relations and make use of China s strongest card, economic wealth and access to the world s biggest market.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,008 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».