The influence of prenatal maternal stress on postnatal immunity in offspring
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction: Current epidemiological evidence suggests that asthma and allergic conditions have an etiological component rooted in prenatal development. One of the associated risk factors is the exposure of the conceptus to prenatal maternal stress (PNMS). Current information on the effects of PNMS on postnatal immunity is limited to animal studies with scattered methodologies and two human studies with methodological constraints. The present state of knowledge does not allow drawing definitive conclusions and new studies are needed. Objectives: The main goal of the study presented in this thesis is to analyze the influence of PNMS on the immune system, and to determine which factors from the stressor and the stressed subject are relevant for this phenomenon. Methods: A comprehensive review of the animal literature was conducted to determine which aspects of immunity are most affected by PNMS, which factors intervene in this relationship, and what are the potentially global consequences of PNMS-induced changes on postnatal immunity and health. The available studies were analyzed by the timing (by Window of Vulnerability), type and duration/frequency of the stressor, and by the species, sex and age at assessment of the offspring. These conclusions were used to construct the hypotheses to test in Project Ice Storm, a human study that has been assessing prospectively the consequences of PNMS exposure caused by a natural disaster. Immunity was tested in 37 adolescents (average age 13½ years) whose mothers were pregnant at the time of the storm, measuring their major leukocyte populations and cytokine production capacity using flow cytometry. Results: The review of the animal literature indicated that PNMS affects multiple aspects of postnatal immunity. The most replicated findings were changes in the production of immune-inflammatory mediators (cytokines), and alterations in cell populations. Globally, PNMS might induce the development of a T-helper 2 immune phenotype, which potentially explains the epidemiological link between asthma and PNMS. The timing of the exposure to PNMS was determinant for the effect of PNMS on T lymphocyte populations, and the sex of the offspring influenced the manifestation and direction of cytokine production changes. The human study confirmed that PNMS influences postnatal immunity, indicated that PNMS effects depend on the objective exposure to the stressor rather than on maternal distress, showed that there is an enhanced but not exclusive vulnerability of CD4+ cells to PNMS in early pregnancy, and showed that IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were altered, with TNF-alpha showing different levels in males and females. Conclusion: PNMS exposure has long-term consequences on immunity in animals and humans. Its effects are pervasive and determined by factors from the stressor and the subject. Some of the alterations induced by PNMS could be linked to the development of immune-related disorders such as asthma.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».