Reproductive Strategies Of Common Eiders (Somateria Mollissima)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Many reproductive strategies exist all with the same goal to maximize fitness. Because reproductive strategies affect fitness directly, there is interest to understand how they are utilized within a population. The two main strategies we focus on for this work related to Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) are the utilization of conspecific brood parasitism as an alternative tactic beyond simply nesting and their ability to shift timing of breeding to align young with the best opportunity for survival. To accomplish studying our two reproductive strategies we monitored the Mast and WaWao Common Eider colonies located within Wapusk National Park, Manitoba. Our first aim was understanding conspecific brood parasitism or brood parasitism, which is the act of laying ones eggs (parasitizer) in the nest of another female (host), within the same species. Our objectives were to estimate the rate of brood parasitism using microsatellite loci, identify if non-random spatial and genetic distributions exist in our colonies, and if the relatedness between hosts and parasitizers are more related on average than females nesting in the general vicinity. We estimated the overall rate of brood parasitism to be 22.7% (176 of 775 offspring) with 50.7% (104 of 205 nests) of all nests containing at least one parasitic egg. We found a correlation between pairwise distance and relatedness, but it varied by year and colony. In addition, we did observe some cases of positive local autocorrelation between a focal female and her four nearest neighbors, but we observed negative local autocorrelation as well. Therefore, evidence of kin grouping is present, but not strong. The average pairwise relatedness of hosts and parasitizers, in 2016 (0.083), did not exceed the smallest spatial scale group’s average pairwise relatedness (0.152). However, average pairwise relatedness of host-parasitizer’s, in 2017 (0.308), was higher when compared to even the smallest spatial scale of 0-10 meters (-0.003). This indicates females potentially shift their preference to parasitize kin annually, which could be altered based on other environmental stressors. Our second aim was focused on the timing of breeding in Common Eiders, by understanding if weather affects the timing of breeding and if the timing of breeding was a predictor of breeding success. Our objectives were to identify weather related factors that affect timing of nest initiation and examine the effects spatial and temporal variables have on daily survival rate, one of which was date of nest initiation. We found Common Eiders date of nest initiation was correlated with the last day of snowmelt, but not other weather variables. However, date of nest initiation was not a predictor of daily survival rate in Common Eiders, but the day within the breeding season and the incubation stage of the female were, which we suggest could be consequences of the timing of predator arrival, in the colony. In addition, using estimates from our top model, we found it could be more beneficial to nest later in the season versus earlier, in certain years. However, the caveat of only using daily survival rate as an index of success was we have no estimate of post-hatch success indices (brood survival or recruitment), which may be impacted by timing differently.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».