Spyware: Background and Policy Issues for Congress
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The term "spyware" is not well defined.Generally it is used to refer to any software that is downloaded onto a person's computer without their knowledge.Spyware may collect information about a computer user's activities and transmit that information to someone else.It may change computer settings, or cause "pop-up" advertisements to appear (in that context, it is called "adware").Spyware may redirect a Web browser to a site different from what the user intended to visit, or change the user's home page.A type of spyware called "keylogging" software records individual keystrokes, even if the author modifies or deletes what was written, or if the characters do not appear on the monitor.Thus, passwords, credit card numbers, and other personally identifiable information may be captured and relayed to unauthorized recipients.Some of these software programs have legitimate applications the computer user wants.They obtain the moniker "spyware" when they are installed surreptitiously, or perform additional functions of which the user is unaware.Users typically do not realize that spyware is on their computer.They may have unknowingly downloaded it from the Internet by clicking within a website, or it might have been included in an attachment to an electronic mail message or embedded in other software.According to a survey and tests conducted by America Online and the National Cyber Security Alliance, 80% of computers in the test group were infected by spyware or adware, and 89% of the users of those computers were unaware of it.The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a consumer alert on spyware in October 2004.It provided a list of warning signs that might indicate that a computer is infected with spyware, and advice on what to do if it is.Utah and California have passed spyware laws, but there is no specific federal law regarding spyware.In the 108 th Congress, the House passed two bills (H.R. 2929 and H.R. 4661) and the Senate Commerce Committee reported S. 2145.There was no further action.Debate is likely to resume in the 109 th Congress.A central point of the debate is whether new laws are needed, or if industry selfregulation, coupled with enforcement actions under existing laws such as the Federal Trade Commission Act, is sufficient.The lack of a precise definition for spyware is cited as a fundamental problem in attempting to write new laws.FTC representatives and others caution that new legislation could have unintended consequences, barring current or future technologies that might, in fact, have beneficial uses.They further insist that, if legal action is necessary, existing laws provide sufficient authority.Consumer concern about control of their computers being taken over by spyware leads others to conclude that legislative action is needed.This report will be updated as warranted.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,013 | 0,032 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,014 | 0,006 |
| Communication savante | 0,031 | 0,023 |
| Science ouverte | 0,006 | 0,008 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,061 | 0,027 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,081 | 0,027 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».